The
ability to produce distributed sensors by tailoring materials
readily available on the market is becoming an emerging strategy for
Internet of Things applications. Embedding sensors into functional
substrates allows one to reduce costs and improve integration and
gives unique functionalities inaccessible to silicon or other conventional
materials used in microelectronics. In this paper, we demonstrate
the functionalization of a commercial polyurethane (PU) foam with
the conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS: the resulting material is a modified
all-polymeric foam where the internal network of pores is uniformly
coated with a continuous layer of PEDOT:PSS acting as a mechanical
transducer. When an external force causes a modification of the foam
microstructure, the conductivity of the device varies accordingly,
enabling the conversion of a mechanical pressure into an electric
signal. The sensor provides a nearly linear response when stimulated
by an external pressure in the range between 0.1 and 20 kPa. Frequency-dependent
measurements show a useful frequency range up to 20 Hz. A simple micromechanical
model has been proposed to predict the device performance based on
the characteristics of the system, including geometrical constrains,
the microstructure of the polymeric foam, and its elastic modulus.
By taking advantage of the simulation output, a flexible shoe in sole
prototype has been developed by embedding eight pressure sensors into
a commercial PU foam. The proposed device may provide critical information
to medical teams, such as the real-time bodyweight distribution and
a detailed representation of the walking dynamic.
The physical and operating principle of a stress sensor, based on two crossing carbon fibers functionalized with ZnO nanorod-shaped nanostructures, was recently demonstrated. The functionalization process has been here extended to tows made of one thousand fibers, like those commonly used in industrial processing, to prove the idea that the same working principle can be exploited in the creation of smart sensing carbon fiber composites. A stress-sensing device made of two functionalized tows, fixed with epoxy resin and crossing like in a typical carbon fiber texture, was successfully tested. Piezoelectric properties of single nanorods, as well as those of the test device, were measured and discussed.
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