Functionalization of carbon fiber tows with ZnO nanorods for stress sensor integration in smart composite materials

Calestani, Davide; Culiolo, Maurizio; Villani, Marco; Delmonte, Davide; Solzi, M.; Kim, Taeyun; Kim, Sang Woo; Marchini, L.; Zappettini, A.

doi:10.1088/1361-6528/aac850

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In this case, the comfort of textile fibers and the ability to absorb human sweat are strategic advantages in the sensor functionality. Another example of application that exploits the advantages of structural material functionalization is the development of stress–strain sensors, based on piezoelectric nanostructures integrated in carbon fiber composite materials. , The advantage, in this case, is to monitor the material deformation, without affecting the mechanical and structural properties of the composite material. These examples show that the preparation of sensors, through industrial material functionalization, not only improves the device integration in the product but adds new strategic features.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

All-Polymeric Pressure Sensors Based on PEDOT:PSS-Modified Polyurethane Foam

Beccatelli

Villani

Gentile

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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The ability to produce distributed sensors by tailoring materials readily available on the market is becoming an emerging strategy for Internet of Things applications. Embedding sensors into functional substrates allows one to reduce costs and improve integration and gives unique functionalities inaccessible to silicon or other conventional materials used in microelectronics. In this paper, we demonstrate the functionalization of a commercial polyurethane (PU) foam with the conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS: the resulting material is a modified all-polymeric foam where the internal network of pores is uniformly coated with a continuous layer of PEDOT:PSS acting as a mechanical transducer. When an external force causes a modification of the foam microstructure, the conductivity of the device varies accordingly, enabling the conversion of a mechanical pressure into an electric signal. The sensor provides a nearly linear response when stimulated by an external pressure in the range between 0.1 and 20 kPa. Frequency-dependent measurements show a useful frequency range up to 20 Hz. A simple micromechanical model has been proposed to predict the device performance based on the characteristics of the system, including geometrical constrains, the microstructure of the polymeric foam, and its elastic modulus. By taking advantage of the simulation output, a flexible shoe in sole prototype has been developed by embedding eight pressure sensors into a commercial PU foam. The proposed device may provide critical information to medical teams, such as the real-time bodyweight distribution and a detailed representation of the walking dynamic.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

All-Polymeric Pressure Sensors Based on PEDOT:PSS-Modified Polyurethane Foam

Beccatelli

Villani

Gentile

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…Based on the piezotronic effect, ZnO has received extensive attention in the field of sensors. The physical and chemical properties of ZnO allow it to be used as piezoelectric sensors [ 81 , 82 , 83 ], gas sensors [ 84 , 85 ], molecular sensors [ 86 , 87 ], and other sensors [ 34 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 ].…”

Section: Piezotronics Based On Zno Nanowiresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamentals and Applications of ZnO-Nanowire-Based Piezotronics and Piezo-Phototronics

et al. 2022

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The piezotronic effect is a coupling effect of semiconductor and piezoelectric properties. The piezoelectric potential is used to adjust the p-n junction barrier width and Schottky barrier height to control carrier transportation. At present, it has been applied in the fields of sensors, human–machine interaction, and active flexible electronic devices. The piezo-phototronic effect is a three-field coupling effect of semiconductor, photoexcitation, and piezoelectric properties. The piezoelectric potential generated by the applied strain in the piezoelectric semiconductor controls the generation, transport, separation, and recombination of carriers at the metal–semiconductor contact or p-n junction interface, thereby improving optoelectronic devices performance, such as photodetectors, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes (LED). Since then, the piezotronics and piezo-phototronic effects have attracted vast research interest due to their ability to remarkably enhance the performance of electronic and optoelectronic devices. Meanwhile, ZnO has become an ideal material for studying the piezotronic and piezo-phototronic effects due to its simple preparation process and better biocompatibility. In this review, first, the preparation methods and structural characteristics of ZnO nanowires (NWs) with different doping types were summarized. Then, the theoretical basis of the piezotronic effect and its application in the fields of sensors, biochemistry, energy harvesting, and logic operations (based on piezoelectric transistors) were reviewed. Next, the piezo-phototronic effect in the performance of photodetectors, solar cells, and LEDs was also summarized and analyzed. In addition, modulation of the piezotronic and piezo-phototronic effects was compared and summarized for different materials, structural designs, performance characteristics, and working mechanisms’ analysis. This comprehensive review provides fundamental theoretical and applied guidance for future research directions in piezotronics and piezo-phototronics for optoelectronic devices and energy harvesting.

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“…Nanoscale carbon and zinc-based materials have been investigated for a wide range of applications including sensors DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300710 such as embeddable mechanical stress [1 ]and strain gauges, [2,3] or electrochemical sensors for both liquid [4] and gas detection. [5] The significant potential is noted for the energy-storage sector, where zinc can provide substantial pseudocapacitance with carbon lending stability and flexibility leading to highquality supercapacitors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Single‐Step Process to Produce Carbon Nanotube‐Zinc Compound Hybrid Materials

McGlynn,

Brunet,

Chakrabarti

et al. 2023

Small Methods

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An atmospheric‐pressure plasma system is developed and is used to treat carbon nanotube assemblies, producing a hybrid carbon‐zinc structure. This system is integrated into a floating‐catalyst chemical vapor deposition furnace used for the synthesis of macroscopic assemblies of carbon nanotubes to allow for the in‐line, continuous, and single‐step production of nano‐composite materials. Material is deposited from a sacrificial zinc wire in the form of nanoparticles and can coat the surface of the individual carbon nanotubes as they form. Additionally, it is found that the deposited materials penetrate further into the carbon nanotube matrix than a comparable post‐synthesis deposition, improving the uniformity of the material through the thickness. Thus, a single‐step metal‐based coating and carbon nanotube synthesis process which can form the basis of production scale manufacturing of metal‐carbon nanotube composite materials with an atmospheric‐pressure plasma system are demonstrated.

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Functionalization of carbon fiber tows with ZnO nanorods for stress sensor integration in smart composite materials

Cited by 17 publications

References 38 publications

All-Polymeric Pressure Sensors Based on PEDOT:PSS-Modified Polyurethane Foam

All-Polymeric Pressure Sensors Based on PEDOT:PSS-Modified Polyurethane Foam

Fundamentals and Applications of ZnO-Nanowire-Based Piezotronics and Piezo-Phototronics

A Single‐Step Process to Produce Carbon Nanotube‐Zinc Compound Hybrid Materials

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