No abstract
Why do some people become and stay politicians while others do not? To gain an insight into this question one has to scrutinise the processes by which certain individuals enter, remain and move in office. In the literature on political science, these processes are usually framed by the concepts of political recruitment and career development. The answer to the initial question is related to notions such as the degree of openness of selection into the core of the political system and to whether or not who governs matters for attitudes and behaviour in office. These notions bear on more normative considerations such as: should political office provide a microcosm of society, or does professional responsiveness outweigh representation as the ultimate touchstone of contemporary local democracy? Hence, the importance of these concepts and their associated processes goes beyond mere descriptions of the pathway to office. This chapter focuses on the recruitment and career development of local councillors in the 16 European countries studied in the context of the project Municipal Assemblies in European Local Governance. It starts with an overview of the literature conceiving recruitment and career development as a process with different phases. Subsequently, three different phases are discerned and elaborated on by presenting data for each of the countries included in the database: the social base of councillor recruitment, the activation, apprenticeship and election of the councillors and their career development. In line with the theoretical underpinnings, each phase is considered as a dynamic interaction between the supply of eligible candidates and the demands of selectors in the political system embedded in a structure of opportunities. To organise the characteristics under study in each phase, we discern two ideal-typical pathways to and in office, i.e. the layman mode and its professional counterpart (see below). Although our database is the first to allow such a broad and comparative perspective, we still have to keep in mind two qualifications. First, the crosssectional nature of the database does not allow scrutiny of longitudinal trends in recruitment and careers, though the existing literature might provide bench-B. Egner et al. (eds.
Die unter der rot-grünen Bundesregierung in Deutschland und unter New Labour in Großbritannien durchgeführten Arbeitsmarktreformen haben aus heutiger Perspektive einen unterschiedlichen Grad an Verstetigung erreicht. Dies kann auf Grundlage des diskursiven Institutionalismus auf die Etablierung zentraler Sinnkonstruktionen zurückgeführt werden. Die in diesem Beitrag vorgenommene qualitative Inhaltsanalyse parlamentarischer Debatten und Expertenstellungnahmen zeigt für den deutschen Fall die gelungene Verstetigung von grundlegenden Deutungsmustern im Zeitraum zwischen den Hartz-Reformen und aktuellen Debatten. Diese Verstetigung beruht u. a. auf der dominanten Rolle von Evaluationen. Im Fall Großbritanniens ist in den dortigen Debatten zwischen den New-Deal-Reformen und dem Welfare Reform Act (2012) nur begrenzt eine Verstetigung von Zielperspektiven und keine veränderte Bedeutung arbeitsmarktpolitischer Expertise festzustellen.
Die Corona-Pandemie führt auch im Bereich des Wohnens zu gravierenden Effekten. Kurzfristig hat die Bundesregierung mit temporären Ausnahmeregelungen bei den subjektorientierten Instrumenten sowie im Miet- und Darlehensrecht reagiert. Es zeigt sich jedoch, dass weitere temporäre Regelungen geboten sind. Aufgrund der großen Relevanz von nachfrageseitigen Entwicklungen ist im Verlauf der Rezession mit ausgeprägten Preisrückgängen auf den Wohnungsmärkten zu rechnen, die potenziell jedoch durch eine langfristig neu einsetzende Arbeitsmigration revidiert werden. Die Wohnungspolitik ist daher gut beraten, ihre Wohnungsbauaktivitäten zu stabilisieren bzw. antizyklisch auszurichten, um die langfristigen Wohnungsbedarfe auch bei wieder auflebender Zuwanderung decken zu können.
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