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CH3NH3PbI3-xClx has been studied experimentally and has shown promising results for photovoltaic application. To enhance its performance, this study investigated the effect of varying thickness of FTO, TiO2, and CH3NH3PbI3-xClx for a perovskite solar cell with the structure glass/FTO/TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3-xClx/Spiro-OMeTAD/Ag studied using SCAPS-1D simulator software. The output parameters obtained from the literature for the device were 26.11 mA/cm2, 1.25 V, 69.89%, and 22.72% for Jsc, Voc, FF, and η, respectively. The optimized solar cell had a thickness of 100 nm, 50 nm, and 300 nm for FTO, TiO2, and CH3NH3PbI3-xClx layers, respectively, and the device output were 25.79 mA/cm2, 1.45 V, 78.87%, and 29.56% for Jsc, Voc, FF, and η, respectively, showing a remarkable increase in FF by 8.98% and 6.84% for solar cell efficiency. These results show the potential of fabricating an improved CH3NH3PbI3-xClx perovskite solar cell.

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Solar energy can be harnessed as photovoltaic energy or solar thermal. Photovoltaic modules provide safe, reliable, and maintenance-free, without noise and environmentally friendly source of power This paper evaluates the outdoor performance of a monocrystalline silicon module based on irradiance and temperature in Kakamega region. The outdoor performance characterisation of a 20 W mono-crystalline silicon module was investigated under different values of solar irradiance and module surface temperature in Kakamega, Kenya. Short circuit current of the module increased significantly with increasing irradiance while open circuit voltage was least affected. Both fill factor and efficiency showed a similar trend with irradiance, increasing slightly and then reducing. The response variables; fill factor, efficiency, open circuit voltage and maximum power were found to reduce with increase in surface temperature while short circuit current increased slightly. The average efficiency, fill factor, short circuit current and open circuit voltage for the module was found to be 10.11%, 0.65, 0.65A, and 19.78V respectively. Maximum Voltage, maximum current and maximum power were found to be 16.78V, 0.48A and 8.11W respectively. A good knowledge of the power output of a solar module and how it varies with solar irradiance and temperature would give accurate information which is vital in sizing and design of photovoltaic system.

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