Treating women who have autoantibodies and recurrent fetal loss with prednisone and aspirin is not effective in promoting live birth, and it increases the risk of prematurity.

The source publication explains the pros and cons of GIs, how they work, and the success factors that influence them. We have distilled the lessons from the published literature, including nearly 200 research papers, and the evidence from eight original case studies conducted in Antigua Guatemala, Nariño Colombia, Darjeeling India, Blue Mountain Jamaica, Kona Hawaii, Mezcal regions of Mexico, Veracruz Mexico, and Mongolia.The book offers a global overview of GIs today and their distribution worldwide by country and by product. It covers not only the economic or competitive value of GIs but also their considerable developmental characteristics. These include: effect on small producers, employment, and rural enterprise, culture and environment. However, it goes beyond the opportunities to suggest areas of cautions and to clearly illustrate how GIs can be problematic and are certainly not appropriate in certain cases.Best practices and lessons learned are documented in a concise and accessible manner so that anyone interested in GIs can better understand how to structure them, step-by-step, and how to consider the options available to develop them. The book covers the philosophical and political distinctions of different legal protection options and reviews the 2 differences between EU approaches and those followed in the US and in other major countries such as China and India. This includes insights on the application processes and a set of "Frequently Asked Questions" on GIs in general. The focus is predominantly on the challenges faced by developing countries.

Optimal nutritional management to minimize hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance may potentially improve neurodevelopment and facilitate catch-up growth with normal body composition.

Currently there are proposals and negotiations regarding the strengthening of protection for geographical indications (GIs) in the World Trade Organization. A major proponent of stronger protection for GIs has been the European Union. One of the arguments it has put forward for stronger protection has been that it will provide an avenue for economic development for agricultural producers in developing countries—a way to capture rents in the markets of developed countries. This paper first outlines the proposed changes to the international protection of GIs. Second, the potential for groups of producers to generate and capture rents in foreign markets is assessed under differing assumptions pertaining to industry structure, product differentiation in the short and long run, barriers to entry, reputation and the form of legal protection in importing countries. A discussion of the resource requirements to establish and maintain a GI is also provided.

Objectives-To prospectively evaluate the prevalence of venous to arterial shunting in patients with acute stroke and transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) with saline contrast. Methods-A consecutive series of patients with stroke or TIA underwent contrast TCD. Patients were subsequently divided into groups according to causative factors for stroke or TIA. The prevalence of right to left shunt was assessed within these groups. Results-A total of 210 patients underwent contrast TCD. A right to left shunt was detected in 28-6% of patients (60 of 210). Among the patients with cryptogenic stroke or TIA, 37-1% (43 of 116) had a positive contrast TCD whereas only 18% (17 of 94) with another identifiable cause had a positive test (P = 0.0024). When age was used to further classify those patients with cryptogenic stroke, TCD was positive in 59 3% patients (16 of 27) of < 50 years of age versus 30 3% of patients (27 of 89) > 50 years of age (P = 0.0058). Conclusions-There was a significantly higher prevalence of venous to arterial shunting in patients with stroke or TIA of undetermined cause than in stroke patients with identifiable aetiologies, as detected by contrast TCD. The prevalence of a venous to arterial shunt was significantly higher in the younger group with cryptogenic stroke. Saline contrast TCD is a relatively non-invasive bedside procedure useful in the detection of venous to arterial shunting.