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The continuous search for biologically active compound candidates pushes the pursuit of new substances produced by diverse organisms. Endophytic fungi are known as a promising source of metabolites with several biological activities. Based on the rich Amazonian biodiversity and the chemical potential of microbial sources, three Talaromyces strains, all major endophytes from their respective host plants, were studied aiming at the isolation of biologically active secondary metabolites. Through classical chromatographic approaches, 13 compounds were isolated from the antimicrobial extracts of the studied strains. From these, polyketides, steroids, anhydrides, and phenolic compounds were identified. Among them, two previously undescribed compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic and spectrometric methods, a homodimer chromanone and a maleic anhydride methyl ester. The antimicrobial activity against a panel of pathogenic microorganisms from extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds was evaluated.

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Background. Byrsonima is a promising neotropical genus, rich in flavonoids and triterpenes, with several proven pharmacological properties. Nevertheless, Byrsonima duckeana W. R. Anderson is an Amazonian species almost not studied. Objective. To assess the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities of Byrsonima duckeana leaves. Materials and Methods. We analyzed an ethanol extract and its fractions for polyphenol content and UHPLC-MS/MS, phosphomolybdenum, DPPH, TBARS antioxidant tests, formalin-induced pain, carrageenan-induced peritonitis, acetic acid-induced abdominal writhings, and hot plate assays. Results. All the samples showed high polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in the phosphomolybdenum, DPPH, and TBARS tests. We identified ethyl gallate, quinic acid, gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, quercetrin, and quercetin in the samples. B. duckeana was able to reduce leukocyte migration in the carrageenan-induced peritonitis by 43% and the licking time in the formalin test by 57%. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the chloroform (FCL) and ethyl acetate (FEA) fractions were the most active samples. FEA was selected for the hot plate test, where all the dosages tested (5, 50, and 200 mg·kg−1) showed significant analgesic activity. Conclusion. B. duckeana has interesting analgesic and antioxidant activities, due to its high phenolic content, especially phenolic acids.