This paper aimed at identifying the effects of atmosphere on the consumer purchase intention in international retail chain outlets of Karachi, Pakistan. This was the first study, which investigated the collective impact of atmospheric variables at one point in time on purchase intention. This research was causal in nature. A sample of 300 consumers was taken who usually visited these outlets. Data was collected through a well-structured questionnaire and analyzed through regression analysis. Research findings indicate that atmospheric variables such as cleanliness, scent, lighting, and display/layout have a positive influence on consumers' purchase intention; whereas music and color have insignificant impact on consumers' purchase intention. The temperature has almost no impact on the purchase intention of the consumers. This study has important implication for Practitioners and Academicians.

This paper aimed at identifying the effects of atmosphere on the consumer purchase intention in international retail chain outlets of Karachi, Pakistan. This was the first study, which investigated the collective impact of atmospheric variables at one point in time on purchase intention. This research was causal in nature. A sample of 300 consumers was taken who usually visited these outlets. Data was collected through a well-structured questionnaire and analyzed through regression analysis. Research findings indicate that atmospheric variables such as cleanliness, scent, lighting, and display/layout have a positive influence on consumers' purchase intention; whereas music and color have insignificant impact on consumers' purchase intention. The temperature has almost no impact on the purchase intention of the consumers. This study has important implication for Practitioners and Academicians.

Normally impulse buying is considered to take place in the presence of extrinsic factors which lure customers into unplanned buying. The role of intrinsic factors in generating impulse buying remains under-researched, especially in the context of a developing country like Pakistan. This study aims to study the impact of personality on Impulse Buying behavior. The effect of personality on impulse buying is measured through five personality traits, namely Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism-also known as the OCEAN Model. It is an explanatory research study involving 400 people of diverse backgrounds and wide age brackets. Results indicate significant effects of Openness, Extraversion, Conscientiousness and Neuroticism and insignificant effect of Agreeableness on Impulse Buying Behavior. This study has valuable implications for Practitioners as well as Academics.

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This study is conducted to find determinants of student loyalty to the university. The determinants of student loyalty have been studied before, but the majority of the studies have covered just main determinants of loyalty such as student satisfaction, service quality and university image, but ignored university switching cost as a factor of student loyalty, interrelationships of all these antecedents and their collective impact on student loyalty. Despite many studies on student loyalty, the literature still lacks the comprehensive definition of student loyalty. This study has been conducted to fill these knowledge gaps and propose a comprehensive model depicting elaborate relationships of all important antecedents of student loyalty. This study has covered perceived academic quality, perceived administrative quality, physical facilities, student satisfaction, university image, and university switching cost as determinants of student loyalty. The data is analyzed through Exploratory Factor Analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS. The results reveal the significant impact of student satisfaction and perceived university image on student loyalty. This study has important implications for academics to enhance student loyalty.