Background: One of the more significant hormonal systems, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, controls the kidney function, adrenal gland through its effect on the balance of sodium and potassium, blood pressure, fluid volume, and also manages the functions of cardiovascular. Objective: To clarify the interrelationship between renal dysfunction and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Patients and Methods: One hundred samples were collected from December 1, 2022, to February 18, 2023, from Al Shams Medical Laboratories (56 male, and 44) female, age range (of 45-60 years), all of them were volunteers suffering from chronic renal failure in the third stage the average glomerular filtration rate was 35. 70 ± 0.37 125 mL/min/1.73m2. and under conservative treatment. Kidney function test, active renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone were assessed in the serum of all subjects. The p - value of differences less than 0.05 is measured significant, and uses the statistical package for the social sciences (23) software to calculate the correlation coefficient between various parameters. Results: The result shows relationship between the changes in GFR with creatinine, urea and active renin, the mean GFR showed significant negative correlated with mean creatinine (R = -0.76, p < 0.01. As well as the mean GFR with mean urea (R = -0.64, p < 0.01). The mean GFR also showed significant negative correlated with mean active renin in (R = -0.41, p < 0.01). Also, the mean serum active renin level was significantly positive correlated with mean aldosterone (R =0.33, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Renin enzyme is inversely related to renal dysfunction, so when the glomerular filtration rate decrease, the higher the renin increased, and as a result, the increase in blood pressure in chronic renal failure patients.

Background: Leukemias are classified as lymphoid or myeloid, dependent on the type of stem cell that is affected. In addition, leukemia is classified as chronic or acute. Acute leukemia is a production of bone marrow-derived immature cells (blasts), include solid organs or peripheral blood. The FAB Cooperative Group original classification scheme proposed to divide1 ALL into three subtypes (L1 - L3). Currently, the world health organization (WHO), modify FAB classification depending on immunophenotype. Symptoms presence of anemia, splenomegaly, and thrombocytopenia, and those are naturally present at diagnosis, indicating the degree to which leukemic lymphoblasts have replaced the bone marrow and the first mark to an ALL diagnosis is typically an abnormal complete blood count result. Objective: To introduce causes of acute lymphocytic leukemia, recent classification methods, diagnosis, and symptoms and diagnosis. Conclusion: Acute lymphocytic leukemia occurs due to a defect in the bone marrow and is classified into several types. The most important classification by the World Health Organization is depending on immunophenotype. The main symptoms are the increase in white blood cells with anemia and thrombocytopenia. Keywords: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Blood

This study aims to determine anti-CMV IgG, IgM antibodies rates of the cytomegalovirus among women in Diyala province and determine the level of concentration of IL6, IL10 and their role in immune response. This study was carried out on 181 women attended to AL Battol Teaching Hospital for maternity and Children in Baquba-Diyala, and outpatient clinic in

Introduction and Aim: Beta-thalassemia is a genetic blood condition characterized by a lack of or abnormal globin chain synthesis, resulting in low hemoglobin levels needing repeated blood transfusions. Iron overload and skeletal issues are frequently observed in beta-thalassemia patients. The current study aims to assess the bone status of beta-thalassemia major patients who are on treatment with repeated blood transfusion and compare it to thalassemia patients who do not require blood transfusion.   Material and Methods: In this case-control study, conducted between December 2021 and April 2022 at Al-Shams Medical Laboratory, Diayla Governorate, 150 subjects were included consisting of 100 thalassemia patients and 50 healthy individuals.   Results: This study revealed that in patients with minor and moderate thalassemia, the levels of red blood and white blood cells considerably increased. Additionally, both minor and major thalassemia patients had significantly higher platelet counts, and a considerably higher iron and ferritin levels. PTH, vitamin D, calcium, and calcium phosphate levels all significantly decreased in major thalassemia patients when compared to patients with moderate thalassemia and the control group, however phosphorus levels sharply increased.     Conclusion: Patients with significant thalassemia have an unstable bone profile and hence, regular bone profile monitoring is recommended. In addition, such individuals are also advised to take calcium and vitamin D supplements and receive strong nutritional support.

Background:This study was conducted to investigate the genetic organization of erm(A)-carrying Tn554 in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes. Tn554 is a communicable sequence to multiple plasmid sites, it contains erm(A) gene and has the ability to bind the resistance of MLS and spectinomycin. Over the past two decades, erythromycin resistance rates have increased in S. pyogenes in many countries. To obtain information that may be useful in solving the spread of antimicrobial resistance, antibiotic-resistant genes can be identified as well as their association with mobile genetic elements. Material and Methods:A total of 22 isolates of S. pyogenes were obtained from 93 bacterial isolates. These isolates were examinedby detecting their antibiotic susceptibility against two different antibiotics groups (Macrolides and Tetracycline) thengenomic DNA was extracted from each isolate for detection Tn554 by using specific primers to amplify erm(A) gene carried by this transposable element. Results:Results showed that there is a high level of resistance to erythromycin, (90.9%), then to Minocycline (68.1%), Tetracycline (54.5%), Azithromycin and Clarithromycin (36.3%), Doxycycline (31.8%) and then to Oxytetracycline (27.2%). Resultsalso showed that 13 of S. pyogenes isolates were harboring Tn554 transposable element carrying erm(A) gene. On the other hand, results showed that there are another isolates resistant to erythromycin that may possess a chromosomal or plasmid copy of the erythromycin resistance gene, or maybe the resistance was caused by another structural erythromycin gene carried by other type of transposable elements rather than Tn554. Conclusion:Our findings suggest that the isolates of S. pyogenes are harboring chromosomal copy of Tn554 conferring erythromycin resistance. One possible explanation for the presence of genes at different isolates is due to erm gene, which was most likely located on Tn554.