Disorders involving follicular occlusion, such as hidradenitis suppurativa, folliculitis, acneiform eruptions, and pilonidal cysts, have shown an increased prevalence in the Down syndrome (DS) population, but there are limited published data examining this association. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 243 DS patients presenting to a pediatric dermatology clinic to further examine the prevalence of disorders of follicular occlusion in DS patients. Our study showed high rates of disorders of follicular occlusion in DS patients, with prevalent disorders including folliculitis (21.0%), keratosis pilaris (17.3%), acne vulgaris (11.1%), hidradenitis suppurativa (7.0%), and furunculosis (4.5%), and overall prevalence of 44.9%.These findings add to a limited but growing body of evidence that documents an increased rate of disorders of follicular occlusion in pediatric DS patients.

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We report the use of voriconazole troughs to achieve appropriate therapeutic levels in treatment of a cutaneous Scedosporium apiospermum infection. Following heart transplantation, a 63-year-old immunocompromised patient presented with post-traumatic nodular lesions on his right shin. Pathology showed fungal yeasts with culture revealing Scedosporium apiospermum. According to therapeutic drug monitoring, initial voriconazole treatment was subtherapeutic requiring increased dosing until appropriate therapeutic trough levels were attained, and resolution of the fungal infection was achieved.

­A 14-year-old boy with recent antibiotic treatment for tonsillitis, presented to the emergency department with 1-week history of worsening rash and haemorrhagic bullae involving the bilateral legs, trunk and hands (figures 1 and 2). Laboratory results were significant for proteinuria (2+protein) and haematuria (1+, 5–10 red blood cells/high power field); 24 hours urinary protein and renal function were within normal limits. The patient had an inconclusive skin biopsy.Figure 1Left and right images show palpable purpura with some overlying bullae and vesiculation coalescing into plaques on both lower extremities.Figure 2Left image shows rash on abdominal wall and right image shows coalesced haemorrhagic bullae on hands.QuestionsWhat is the most probable diagnosis?Bullous Ig A vasculitisMeningococcemiaBullous impetigoEosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitisCryoglobulinemiaWhat is the best test which will establish the diagnosis in this patient?Renal ultrasoundRenal biopsyAbdominal ultrasoundCreatinine clearanceWhat is first line of treatment in this patient?AntibioticsSteroidsSurgical debridementMultispecialty consultationImmunosuppressants such as azothioprineWhat other systems can this condition affect besides the skin?LungsKidneysSpleenNervous systemA, B and DAnswers can be found on page 02.