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This paper presents a comparative analysis of different parameters such as enthalpy, moderator temperature, moderator density, flow velocity, pressure, and fuel temperature profile at the fuel pin cell level of PWR. Moreover, in this paper pitches to fuel pin radius ratio are varied from 2.3 to 4. The methods and implementation strategy are such that the coupled neutronic and thermal-hydraulic analysis is executed in a fully one dimensional (1D) manner. The thermal hydraulic is based on moderator/coolant mass and enthalpy equation together with one group diffusion equation for fuel pin. Modelling of fuel pin cell and subchannel is executed in two steps. First, the governing equations are derived assuming that all the parameters appearing in the equations are temperature independent. Fuel pin centerline temperature and radially averaged temperature equations are derived from Fourier laws of thermal conductivity. Finally, diffusion coefficient, fission cross-section and absorbing cross-section are evaluated with respect to the fuel pin temperature. The outcome will be helpful for further neutronics and thermal analysis of PWR. Thermal hydraulics parameter varies the maximum 30 percentage from the lowermost value.

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This paper surveys and analyzes state-of-the-art pipeline A/D Converter reported in IEEE from 1987 to June 2011, including performance comparison of these converters on the ground of Resolution, Sampling Rate, Power, Spurious Free Dynamic Range (SFDR), and Signal to Noise plus Distortion Ratio (SNDR)/ Signal to Noise and Distortion Ratio (SINAD). Technological and architectural progress brings low power, low voltage high sampling rate pipeline A/D converter though the resolution being constant over the period. We found that power consumption of pipeline A/D converter decreased 1.62mW/month, sampling frequency increased 360 KHz/month, improvement of SFDR is approximately stagnant, and SNDR decreased 0.127dB/month over the time.

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