Reuse of wastewater for vegetable cultivation is becoming popular in order to augment the inadequate irrigation supplies and meet the growing demands of ground water for agriculture and industries production in different regions of the world. This study was investigated to optimize different stages of textile dyeing wastewater (TDW) for irrigation focusing on their effect on growth, yield and physiochemical attributes of tomato, plant nutrient use, heavy metals enrichment and pollution load of the irrigated soil. Textile wastewater were collected from the seven stages of (second wash after scouring and bleaching T2; enzyme treated water T3; second wash after bath drain T4; neutralization treatment T5; second wash after soaping T6; fixing treatment water T7; mixed effluent T8) of a dyeing process for physiochemical characterization and evaluation their irrigation feasibility for tomato cultivation in compare with the ground water (T1). The pot experiment consists of eight irrigation treatments was laid out following a completely randomized block design with three replications. Results showed the presence of plant nutrients and heavy metals in all the studied samples where T8 (mixed effluent) exceeded the limit of agricultural standard for almost all physiological parameters such as TDS, TSS, EC, BOD, COD affording the highest value. T8 also delivered the highest Cl- and heavy metals like Cd, Ni, Cr followed by T4 < T7. As a consequence, these provided comparatively higher enrichment factor (EF), pollution load index (PLI) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) to transform fresh soil into the category of severe and slightly to moderate saline. Therefore, the yield and physiochemical attributes of tomato were dramatically reduced with T8 and T4 treatment. On the other hand, T2, T3 and T6 treatment had significant positive impact on growth and yield of tomato due to having higher N, P, K, S and lower heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr) than the recommended guideline. These features were contributed to cause minimum EF and PLI in the soil irrigated with T2, T3 and T6 stages of TDW. Correlation matrix demonstrated that EF and PLI of heavy metals (except Cd, Ni) were negatively related to yield, while positively related to SAR and fruit abortion. Although T6 (2nd wash after soaping) performed better in respect to growth, yield, yield attributes and nutrient use efficiency, principal component analysis revealed that T2 (2nd wash after scouring and bleaching) and T3 (enzyme treated water) were also belong to the same group of T6 and T1 (ground water). Thus, it may be suggested that T2, T3 and T6 stages of textile dyeing wastewater could be used profitably without ETP for vegetable cultivation and would effectively supplement not only the nutrient requirement of the crop but may also act as the alternate source of irrigation water. Although, further research is needed to sort out the health risk assessment through the heavy metals’ accumulation in the plant parts after irrigation with different stages of textile dyeing wastewater.

This study aimed to elucidate the effective colchicine concentration induced polyploidization distinction based on morphological and anatomical features in watermelon. Watermelon seeds were soaked in different colchicine concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.5%) for several durations (24, 48, 72h) to induce polyploidization. Putative polyploids were evaluated regarding the morphological and anatomical traits compared to the diploid one (control). Colchicine @ 0.5% for 72h revealed the lowest germination percentage with high mortality in putative polyploids compared to diploids. Morphological traits revealed in vigorous growth in putative tetraploids with slower germination speed whereas the putative octoploid exerted suppressed growth compared to tetraploids and diploids. Besides, in respect of the reproductive biology, the petal number (6), pollen size and viability were remarkably higher in induced polyploids that con rmed the successful tetraploid induction by 0.5% colchicine treatment in seed for 72h. Similarly, the bigger stomatal size with lower density was also noticed in induced tetraploids compared to the diploid one using the same treatment after anatomical analyses. Meanwhile, PCA and correlation matrix illustrated that among the 20 variables polyploid induction e ciency% (PIE), leaf length (LL), guard cells distance (GCD), pollen viability% (PV) were recognized as the most effective morphological and anatomical indicators for successful polyploid induction con rmation with colchicine in watermelon. The present ndings would be the basis for distinguishing colchicine induced polyploids as improved genetic resources to enhance the seedless triploid breeding in watermelon.

Horticultural crops are highly nutritious and shared lion portion of our daily diet. These items are consumed in different ways according to their nature and processing processes. These days, a crucial concerning issue is arising globally to ensure nutrition security for huge population that leads to focus on production increase, quality improvement, food safety assurance, and processing strategies. Consequently, a large amount of waste generates in the processing industries, household kitchen, and supply chain of horticultural commodities that has led to a significant nutrition and economic loss, consequently creating environment pollution with extensive burden of landfills. However, these wastes showed magnificent potentiality of re-utilization in several industries owing to as rich source of different bioactive compounds and phytochemicals. Therefore, sustainable extraction methods and utilization strategies deserve the extensive investigations. This review paper extensively illustrates the horticultural waste generation options, sustainable recycling strategies, and potentiality of recycled products in different industries for betterment in population with the assurance of green environment and sustainable ecology.

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This study aimed to elucidate the effective colchicine concentration induced polyploidization distinction based on morphological and anatomical features in watermelon. Watermelon seeds were soaked in different colchicine concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.5%) for several durations (24, 48, 72h) to induce polyploidization. Putative polyploids were evaluated regarding the morphological and anatomical traits compared to the diploid one (control). Colchicine @ 0.5% for 72h revealed the lowest germination percentage with high mortality in putative polyploids compared to diploids. Morphological traits revealed in vigorous growth in putative tetraploids with slower germination speed whereas the putative octoploid exerted suppressed growth compared to tetraploids and diploids. Besides, in respect of the reproductive biology, the petal number (6), pollen size and viability were remarkably higher in induced polyploids that confirmed the successful tetraploid induction by 0.5% colchicine treatment in seed for 72h. Similarly, the bigger stomatal size with lower density was also noticed in induced tetraploids compared to the diploid one using the same treatment after anatomical analyses. Meanwhile, PCA and correlation matrix illustrated that among the 20 variables polyploid induction efficiency% (PIE), leaf length (LL), guard cells distance (GCD), pollen viability% (PV) were recognized as the most effective morphological and anatomical indicators for successful polyploid induction confirmation with colchicine in watermelon. The present findings would be the basis for distinguishing colchicine induced polyploids as improved genetic resources to enhance the seedless triploid breeding in watermelon.