A paradigm shift in power systems is observed due to the massive integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) as distributed generators. Mainly, solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind generators are extensively integrated with the modern power system to facilitate green efforts in the electrical energy sector. However, integrating these RESs destabilizes the frequency of the modern power system. Hitherto, the frequency control has not drawn sufficient attention due to the reduced inertia and complex control of power electronic converters associated with renewable energy conversion systems. Thus, this article provides a critical summary on the frequency control of solar PV and wind-integrated systems. The frequency control issues with advanced techniques, including inertia emulation, de-loading, and grid-forming, are summarized. Moreover, several cutting-edge devices in frequency control are outlined. The advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to control the frequency of high-level RESs integrated systems are well documented. The possible improvements of existing approaches are outlined. The key research areas are identified, and future research directions are mentioned so that cutting-edge technologies can be adopted, making the review article unique compared to the existing reviews. The article could be an excellent foundation and guidance for industry personnel, researchers, and academicians.

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In this investigation, zinc oxide (ZnO)-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were fabricated by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) using fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrates. Electrophoretically deposited photoanodes were annealed at different temperatures to investigate the effect of the postannealing temperature on the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs. Solar cells prepared with different compression pressures and compressions at an elevated temperature (optimum at 70 °C) were the state-of-the-art for this type of investigation. The photovoltaic performance was found to be improved by this novel heating and compression technique compared with the conventional postannealing or compression technique. When high-temperature postannealing (around 450 °C) was carried out along with heating and compression, the efficiency was found to be improved. From the surface morphology of the photoanodes investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was evident that compression at an elevated temperature is favorable to obtain a uniform compact layer.