Viable seeds of paddy and barnyard grass in different concentrations of aqueous extracts ( 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 %) of leaf, stem and root of Chromolaena odorata were germinated at room temperatures. The leaf extract had strong inhibitory effect on seed germination as well as linear growth of paddy and barnyard grass. The order of inhibition was leaf >stem >root on both tested seeds. Allelopathic effect increased with increased concentration of the extracts. Key Words: Allelopathy; Paddy; Barnyard grass; Aqueous extract; Root length; Shoot length. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v8i8.3854 Scientific World Vol.8(8) 2010 pp.73-75

Micropropagation is an alternative technique to propagate at large scale plants to meet global plant demand. Various researchers have worked on the micropropagation technique to regenerate bamboo species by using nodal segments from years. Contamination, browning, necrosis, and acclimatization with physiological stress are the extreme problems of the micropropagation technique. But, many numbers of papers have been published on micropropagation of the bamboo species through nodal segments as explants. The proliferation of the bamboo shoots is dependent on the season of collection, size of explants, the position of explants, diversity of plants, concentration and combination of plant growth regulators, most adequate culture medium, environmental condition of the equipment, handling, and individual species. Bamboo is a monocarpic fast-growing, tall perennial grass and having the high potential to generate economic and social benefits. It helps to maintain land patterns and control soil erosion.  The long life cycle of the bamboo produces a huge amount of seeds but unfortunately, mostly, they are non-viable. So, bamboos are propagated from vegetative by cutting and air layering. However, these methods are only for a small scale and they also tend to destroy large mother plant stocks and difficult to be transported. So, the in vitro propagation technique is useful to obtain large progenies from desired genotypes. Mostly, BAP and TDZ growth hormones are widely used for shoot multiplication and IBA, NAA and IAA are used for root initiation as per developed protocols in tissue culture for large scale production. This review intends to explore an overview of the recent literature reports to summarize the importance of micropropagation by using nodal segments of bamboo species and factors influencing it.

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Analysis of bamboo species namely B. balcooa obtained from the Sindhuli district of Nepal was carried out. Phytochemical analysis between the stem and leaves extract in six solvent was carried out. Highest yield of 34.55% of B. balcooa leaves in methanol as extracting solvent was obtained. Phytochemical analysis exhibited the presence of sterols, coumarins, reducing sugar, cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, and other polyphenolic compounds. Pharmacological analysis of methanol B. balcooa leaves extract revealed anti- ulcer activity of (14.66% protective ratio). The data are expressed as Mean ±SD which were further subject statistical analysis using Origin Pro and SPSS. Kathmandu UniversityJournal of Science, Engineering and TechnologyVol. 12, No. 2, 2016, page: 88-95

Bambusa balcooa Roxb. was in vitro propagated by optimizing protocol using nodal segment from secondary branches with 100% success in MS liquid media containing 100 mg/l Myo-inositol, 3% sucrose supplement with 4.4 - 26.64 μM BAP for shoot multiplication, and 2.69 - 32.26 μM NAA for root induction. The highest shoot multiplication (14.53 ± 0.33 folds), shoot length (5.9 ± 0.6 cm), shoot number per explants (4.0 ± 0.24), and rooting (89.3 ± 0.33%) was obtained in MS liquid media supplement with 13.32 μM BAP (shooting) and 26.88 μM NAA (rooting) and 1% aqueous leaf extract of Artemisia vulgaris L. (EAV). Twenty RAPD (Random amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers were used individually to amplify DNA of tissue culture-raised plants and the mother plant where 8 primers yielded monomorphic banding patterns with reproducible, clear, scorable bands (2.8 per primer) ranging from 250 to 1800 bp respectively which revealed the micropropagated plants of B. balcooa retained their genetic stability. Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 31(1): 81-95, 2021 (June)