Material waste is a term from the amount of waste material percentage and is one of the serious problems in the implementation of road construction project. The research objective is to calculate the average percentage of waste material in road construction projects and obtain waste material influencing profit and make a regression model of % material waste to % profit contractors. The data obtained are 158 projects in East and North Kalimantan divided into 51 road building projects and 107 road improvement projects. The percentage of waste material on road building project is B aggregate as the largest (26%) and ready mix concrete (5.3%) as the smallest. The percentage of waste material on road improvement project is B aggregate as the largest (24.2%) and ready mix concrete (6.14%) as the smallest. The influencing waste material on the road construction project is B aggregate, lean concrete and ready mix concrete with regression equation to determine the estimated % profit contractor as a function of % material waste is Y = 7.363 -0.032 X3 - 0.078 X4 - 0.066 X6. The influenced waste material on road improvement projects are cement, B aggregate, and Land Fill  with the regression equation to determine the estimated % profit of contractor as a function of % material waste is Y = 8,702- 0,037 X4-  0,054 X5- 0,044 X7.

A construction project is the process of specification and design of all resources on a project, such as funds, materials, equipment, technology, manpower, and time to complete construction in accordance with applicable requirements. Construction projects experience several obstacles that hinder the process of success of a project, one of which is cost overruns. Cost overruns are an important issue in the success of a construction, coupled with the Covid-19 pandemic, the possibility of cost overruns is even greater. This research was conducted by collecting data through a literature study, then a survey was carried out using a questionnaire with a likert scale of 1-5. The data will be provided to construction service providers to measure the degree of influence of factors that affect the occurrence of cost overruns on construction projects during the Covid-19 pandemic and find their ratings using the Relative Importance Index (RII) Method. Of the 20 factors obtained, after passing the validity and reliability test, 17 factors were obtained. Furthermore, it is looked for rankings of 17 factors that influence the occurrence of cost overruns with the RII method. From these results will be obtained the highest ranks and the lowest most influential.   Abstrak Proyek konstruksi adalah proses spesifikasi dan desain dari segala sumber daya pada proyek, seperti dana, material, peralatan, teknologi, tenaga kerja, dan waktu untuk menyelesaikan suatu pembangunan sesuai dengan persyaratan yang berlaku. Proyek konstruksi mengalami beberapa kendala yang menghambat proses keberhasilan suatu proyek, salah satunya adalah pembengkakan biaya. Pembengkakan biaya menjadi masalah yang penting dalam keberhasilan suatu konstruksi, ditambahnya dengan pandemi Covid-19, kemungkinan terjadinya pembengkakan biaya semakin besar. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data melalui studi literatur, kemudian dilakukan survei memakai kuesioner dengan skala likert 1-5. Data tersebut akan diberikan kepada penyedia jasa konstruksi untuk mengukur tingkat pengaruh faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya pembengkakan biaya pada proyek konstruksi pada saat pandemi Covid-19 dan mencari peringkatnya menggunakan metode Relative Importance Index (RII). Dari 20 faktor yang didapat, setelah melewati uji validitas dan reliabilitas diperoleh 17 faktor. Selanjutnya di cari peringkat dari 17 faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya pembengkakan biaya dengan metode. Dari hasil tersebut akan diperoleh peringkat tertinggi dan terendah yang paling berpengaruh.

Changes in road construction are affected by the owner and contractor at the beginning, middle, or end of the project. This study aims to determine the ranking of the factors that cause change orders for road construction from the owner's point of view. Data was collected by distributing questionnaires and interviews to project owners. Reliability and validity tests involving 32 respondents resulted in 48 causes of change orders. This study quantifies the relative importance of the factors that cause change orders and shows the ranking of factors and groups that cause change orders according to their level of importance for causes of change orders. This goal is achieved through the analysis of the results of the interviews. According to the calculation of the Relative Importance Index (RII), all the factors and groups are ranked and the most significant ranking is determined regarding the causes of the change orders. Keywords: cause of change order, owner, road project

The advancement of the construction sector has made the complexity of a project increase in line with the increasing demands on construction engineers to complete a project on time, in accordance with cost, and prioritize quality. From that statement, a cost overrun problem shows in the process of running the project. Several techniques have been espoused by innovative organizational and managerial practices to reduce the risk of cost overrun from the construction project, but cost overrun in project construction remain as a one of the problem. This study aims to identify the factors that cause cost overrun in residential projects. The process of data collection was carried out using a questionnaire as the instrument. The data from the questionnaire is primary data that will be processed with the help of IBM SPSS 25 software. The identification of the factors causing the cost overrun using the relative important index (RII) method to determine the level of importance of each variable. The results of this study indicate that the project data and information are incomplete (when aanwijzing) and the erroneous estimation of material costs and wages are the main factors causing cost overrun with an RII value ≥ 0,9. ABSTRAK  Majunya sektor pekerjaan konstruksi membuat kompleksitas suatu proyek semakin meningkat sejalan dengan meningkatnya tuntutan kepada pelaku konstruksi untuk menyelesaikan proyek secara tepat waktu, sesuai dengan biaya, dan mengendepankan kualitas. Dari tuntutan tersebut, timbul suatu masalah cost overrun (pembengkakan biaya) dalam proses berjalannya proyek. Berbagai upaya telah dilakukan oleh berbagai organisasi mandiri dan praktisi manajemen untuk mengurangi risiko dari adanya cost overrun (pembengkakan biaya) pada suatu proyek, namun masalah cost overrun tetap menjadi salah satu problema dalam proyek konstruksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya cost overrun (pembengkakan biaya) pada proyek rumah tinggal. Proses pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner sebagai instrumennya. Data dari kuesioner tersebut merupakan data primer yang akan diolah dengan bantuan software IBM SPSS 25. Pengidentifikasian faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya cost overrun menggunakan metode relative importance index (RII) untuk menentukan tingkat kepentingan setiap variabel. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukaan bahwa data dan informasi proyek kurang lengkap (saat aanwijzing) dan perencanaan estimasi biaya material dan upah yang keliru menjadi faktor paling utama penyebab cost overrun dengan nilai RII ≥ 0,9.

Change orders include a number of variants in the scope of work namely the amount of material, design errors, and price changes. This paper discusses change orders in a road construction project in Banten by investigating the causes, studying their effects on the project, and identifying the beneficiaries. The study used five road projects as actual case studies and the questionnaire used a six-point Likert Scale. To determine the ranking of factors that influence the causes of change orders, the effect of change orders and the factors that benefit from change orders are used the Relative Importance Index (RII) calculation. The most important effects of change orders on projects are found to be schedule delays, cost overruns and disputes. The contractor as the party that benefits the most from the change order is followed by the consultant and then the owner. Keywords: change order; road project; Relative Importance Index (RII) ABSTRAK Change order mencakup sejumlah varian dalam ruang lingkup pekerjaan yakni jumlah material, kesalahan desain, dan perubahan harga. Makalah ini membahas change order dalam proyek konstruksi jalan di Banten dengan menyelidiki penyebab, mempelajari efeknya pada proyek, dan mengidentifikasi pihak-pihak yang diuntungkan. Penelitian menggunakan lima proyek jalan sebagai studi kasus aktual dan Kuisoner menggunakan Skala Likert Enam poin. Untuk mengetahui peringkat faktor yang mempengaruhi penyebab change order, efek change order dan faktor yang diuntungkan dari change order digunakan perhitungan Relative Importance Index (RII). Efek terpenting dari change order pada proyek ditemukan adalah penundaan jadwal, pembengkakan biaya dan perselisihan. Kontraktor selaku pihak yang paling diuntungkan dari change order diikuti oleh konsultan dan kemudian owner.