The intestine is a vital organ responsible for nutrient absorption, bile and waste excretion, and a major site of host immunity. In order to keep up with daily demands, the intestine has evolved a mechanism to expand the absorptive surface area by undergoing a morphogenetic process to generate finger-like units called villi. These villi house specialized cell types critical for both absorbing nutrients from food, and for protecting the host from commensal and pathogenic microbes present in the adult gut. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms that coordinate intestinal development, growth, and maturation of the small intestine, starting from the formation of the early gut tube, through villus morphogenesis and into early postnatal life when the intestine must adapt to the acquisition of nutrients through food intake, and to interactions with microbes.

In vitro human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) derived tissues are excellent models to study certain aspects of normal human development. Current research in the field of hPSC derived tissues reveals these models to be inherently fetal-like on both a morphological and gene expression level. In this review we briefly discuss current methods for differentiating lung and intestinal tissue from hPSCs into individual 3-dimensional units called organoids. We discuss how these methods mirror what is known about in vivo signaling pathways of the developing embryo. Additionally, we will review how the inherent immaturity of these models lends them to be particularly valuable in the study of immature human tissues in the clinical setting of premature birth. Human lung organoids (HLOs) and human intestinal organoids (HIOs) not only model normal development, but can also be utilized to study several important diseases of prematurity such as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).

Introduction: While conventional mechanical ventilation is a common therapy in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), pediatric residents receive insufficient instruction. This stand-alone computer module provides an interactive method of learning basic infant pulmonary physiology and principles of mechanical ventilation. Methods: This module runs offline and is compatible with a variety of operating systems. Participants complete a six-question, case-based pretest. The seven-section instructional module is selfpaced, narrated, animated, and interactive. Learners can repeat each section as needed. At the conclusion of the module, participants complete the same six-question test and receive feedback. In total, the module requires 15-20 minutes to complete. Results: The curriculum has been implemented at the beginning of the NICU rotation over a 2-year period within our pediatric residency program. Participants preferred this interactive module and had higher posttest scores when compared to a PowerPoint presentation. After 4 months, there was evidence of knowledge decay. Discussion: The interactive module is enjoyable, effective, and convenient. It engages participants in active learning and allows them to control the time and pace of their instruction. We have implemented the curriculum within our residency program and believe it would be useful for a variety of NICU health care providers.

OBJECTIVES: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe intestinal inflammatory disease and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in NICUs. Management of NEC is variable because of the lack of evidence-based recommendations. It is widely accepted that standardization of patient care leads to improved outcomes. This quality improvement project aimed to decrease variation in the evaluation and management of NEC in a Level IV NICU. METHODS: A multidisciplinary team investigated institutional variation in NEC management and developed a standardized guideline and electronic medical record tools to assist in evaluation and management. Retrospective baseline data were collected for 2 years previously and prospectively for 3.5 years after interventions. Outcomes included the ratio of observed-to-expected days of antibiotics and nil per os (NPO) on the basis of the novel guidelines and the percentage of cases treated with piperacillin/tazobactam. Balancing measures were death, surgery, and antifungal use. RESULTS: Over 5.5 years, there were 124 evaluations for NEC. Special cause variation was noted in the observed-to-expected antibiotic and NPO days ratios, decreasing from 1.94 to 1.18 and 1.69 to 1.14, respectively. Piperacillin/tazobactam utilization increased from 30% to 91%. There were no increases in antifungal use, surgery, or death. CONCLUSIONS: Variation in evaluation and management of NEC decreased after initiation of a guideline and supporting electronic medical record tools, with fewer antibiotic and NPO days without an increase in morbidity or mortality. A quality improvement approach can benefit patients and decrease variability, even in diseases with limited evidence-based standards.