Global warming is intensifying interest in the physiological consequences of temperature change in ectotherms, but we still have a relatively poor understanding of the effects of temperature on early life stages. This study determined how embryonic temperature (T E ) affects development and the activity of metabolic enzymes in the swimming muscle of zebrafish. Embryos developed successfully to hatching (survival ≥88%) from 22 to 32°C, but suffered sharp increases in mortality outside of this range. Embryos that were incubated until hatching at a control T E (27°C) or near the extremes for successful development (22 or 32°C) were next raised to adulthood under control conditions at 27°C. Growth trajectories after hatching were altered in the 22°C and 32°C T E groups compared with 27°C T E controls, but growth slowed after 3 months of age in all groups. Maximal enzyme activities of cytochrome c oxidase (COX), citrate synthase (CS), hydroxyacyl-coA dehydrogenase (HOAD), pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured across a range of assay temperatures (22, 27, 32 and 36°C) in adults from each T E group that were acclimated to 27 or 32°C. Substrate affinities (K m ) were also determined for COX and LDH. In adult fish acclimated to 27°C, COX and PK activities were higher in 22°C and 32°C T E groups than in 27°C T E controls, and the temperature optimum for COX activity was higher in the 32°C T E group than in the 22°C T E group. Warm acclimation reduced COX, CS and/or PK activities in the 22 and 32°C T E groups, possibly to compensate for thermal effects on molecular activity. This response did not occur in the 27°C T E controls, which instead increased LDH and HOAD activities. Warm acclimation also increased thermal sensitivity (Q 10 ) of HOAD to cool temperatures across all T E groups. We conclude that the temperature experienced during early development can have a persistent impact on energy metabolism pathways and acclimation capacity in later life.

Purpose: Physiotherapists work with people with chronic conditions and can act as catalysts for behavioural change. Physiotherapy has also seen a shift to a bio-psychosocial model of health management and interdisciplinary care, which is important in the context of chronic conditions. This scoping review addressed the research question “How do physiotherapists use mental health–based interventions in their treatment of individuals with chronic conditions?” Method: The Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases were searched, and a variety of study designs were included. Data were categorized and descriptively analyzed. Results: Data were extracted from 103 articles. Low back pain (43; 41.7%) and non-specified pain (16; 15.5%) were the most commonly researched chronic conditions, but other chronic conditions were also represented. Outpatient facilities were the most common setting for intervention (68; 66.0%). A total of 73 (70.9%) of the articles involved cognitive­–behavioural therapy, and 41 (40.0%) included graded exercise or graded activity as a mental health intervention. Conclusions: Physiotherapists can use a variety of mental health interventions in the treatment of chronic conditions. More detailed descriptions of treatment and training protocols would be helpful for incorporating these techniques into clinical practice.

We examined how temperature during embryonic development (22, 27, or 32°C) influences the thermal dependence of swimming performance, muscle phenotype, and gene expression. Temperature treatments were maintained until hatching, after which fish were raised to adulthood at 27°C. Aerobic exercise performance (critical swimming speed) in adult fish was measured 1d after transfer to 22, 27, or 32°C and after 30d acclimation to 16 or 34°C. Developmental temperature had predictable effects on locomotor capacity, with 22°C embryos performing best at 22°C and worst at 32 and 34°C. Surprisingly, performance was ~20% higher in both 32°C and 22°C embryos than in 27°C embryos after 16°C acclimation. These findings were partially explained by differences in the transverse area of red (slow oxidative) and intermediate (fast oxidative) fibers in the axial swimming muscle. RNA‐Seq analysis of the white muscle uncovered large‐scale changes in the transcriptome after acclimation to 16°C. These data suggest that temperature change during a brief window in embryonic development can have a dramatic and persistent effect on thermal acclimation capacity. Supported by the EU‐FP7 project LIFECYCLE and NSERC of Canada.