BACKGROUND Portal hypertension is one of the serious complications of cirrhosis of liver leading to unwanted life-threatening variceal bleeding. Loss of liver architecture and fibrosis lead to increased resistance to blood flow through portal vein causing portal hypertension and ultimately leading to ascites, oesophageal varices and splenomegaly. The aim of the study is to find out correlation of portal vein diameter and splenic size with oesophageal varices in cirrhosis of liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS A descriptive study was conducted in Department of Medicine of SCB Medical College, Cuttack and consecutively 50 adult patients of cirrhosis of liver were included in the study. Ultrasonography was done in all patients to measure splenic size and portal vein diameter. Upper GI endoscopy was done in all to record oesophageal varices. RESULTS Out of 50 patients, 34 (68%) had oesophageal varices of various grades and 16 (32%) had no varices. Average portal vein diameter of patients with oesophageal varices was 13.46 ± 0.98 mm and that of patients without varices was 10.91 ± 0.65 mm (p=0.03). Average splenic size in patients with oesophageal varices was 14.7± 0.82 cm and that of patients without varices was 12.2 ± 1.01 cm (p=0.007). Portal vein diameter and splenic size were increased in patients with oesophageal varices than patients without varices.

On a global scale, hypertension ranks third among the six major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The risk of heart disease, stroke, and renal failure is all significantly increased by hypertension. We looked for papers on risk factors associated with hypertension in young adults on Google Scholar and PubMed. "Hypertension," "young adults," and "risk factors" were the search terms. Eligibility testing was done in a standardized, non-blinded way. The first author, year of publication, subject related to hypertension in young adults, and risk factors associated with hypertension in young adults were all retrieved from each paper. A PubMed search yielded 150 results. In all, 10 papers were considered in our review, which were published between 2017 and 2021. Most of the studies considered were carried out by foreign research groups. Adults who smoke, chew tobacco, drink alcohol, are obese, engage in sedentary behavior, consume too much salt, and have unhealthy lifestyles are at a higher risk of developing hypertension. In addition to these risk factors, there were additional important risk variables such as illiteracy, illness ignorance, a disregard for one's health, and a society that values men more than women. The way of life is radically altering because of people adjusting to Western culture. Smoking, drinking, being overweight, and eating too much salt are the primary risk factors for hypertension. This shows that in order to live a happier and healthier life, it is important to increase people's understanding of and attitudes toward the prevention and control of hypertension.

Purpose Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is one of the most common and serious complications associated with diabetes and is defined as the impairment of the autonomic control of the cardiovascular system, whose prevalence in Indian population has been reported to be > 50%. The risk factors associated with CAN include hyperglycemia, duration of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity. This study was conducted to examine the association of CAN with its determinants among diabetics. Methods Socio-demographic characteristics were noted alongwith performance of biochemical analyses of blood samples according to standard hospital pathology laboratory protocols. Clinical assessment of CAN comprised a of 5 indexes, including 3 heart rate variability parameters (resting tachycardia, Qtc interval > 440 msec, exercise intolerance) and 2 blood pressure parameters (orthostatic hypotension, abnormal hand gripping test).

BACKGROUND Autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patient is a serious and common complication of diabetes that is most often ignored by most of the clinicians. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy is among the least recognized and least understood complication of diabetes, despite its significant negative impact on survival and quality of life. It can involve multiple systems including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, sudomotor, metabolic systems, and papillary dysfunctions. MATERIALS AND METHODS 88 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus of more than 5 years duration with the age more than 30 years of either sex were studied which as a descriptive study conducted in the department of general medicine of SCB medical college. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy was evaluated with regard to 5 parameters (heart rate, orthostatic hypotension, hand gripping test, QTc interval in ECG, exercise intolerance by treadmill test). For gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy, genitourinary autonomic neuropathy, hypoglycaemic unawareness, pupillary abnormality, sweating disturbances, only signs and symptoms will be noted as most part of the evaluation would be done only in research laboratory, which requires specialized equipment. For erectile dysfunction, patients will be asked to fill questionnaires according to IIEF-5. (31,32). Prevalence of autonomic neuropathy was categorised into mild, moderate and severe among different age group of people, in both sexes based on duration of diabetes, body mass index (BMI) and was expressed as percentages. RESULTS Out of total 88 cases, 15 patients (17.0%) didn't have autonomic neuropathy, 22 patients (24.0%) had mild autonomic neuropathy, 33 patients (37.5%) had moderate autonomic neuropathy, 18 patients (20.3%) had severe autonomic neuropathy. Duration of diabetes and body mass index were risk factor whereas age and sex were not a risk factor for autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus patients. CONCLUSION Overall prevalence of diabetic autonomic neuropathy in our study is 81.8%, among them mild is 24%, moderate is 37.5%, and severe is 20.3%. So, it should be evaluated in every diabetes patient of more than 5 years duration. Duration of diabetes and BMI are risk factors for autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus patients.