Ab s t r a c tPurpose: Fear of progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) can exert deleterious effects upon MS patients. A host of causesmay give rise to fear of progression of multiple sclerosis. Hence, the present study set out to assess the role of psychological aspects family support, quality of life and multiple sclerosis knowledge in fear of progression of MS. Methods:Sixty five MS patients were recruited for this study. Data were obtained by using multiple questionnaires including Multiple Sclerosis Knowledge Questionnaire (MSKQ), Fear of progression questionnaire -Short form (FoPQ-SF), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), World health organization's quality of life-brief (WHQOL-BRIEF).Results: age and level of education were not associated with score of other questionnaires. Depression, anxiety, MS knowledge and three subcategories of WHOQOL-BREF (Environment, Social relationship and Psychological health) were correlated to fear of progression of MS (P<0.001). Anxiety was positively predictive of fear of progression of MS; nonetheless, MS knowledge and QOL-Psychological health were inversely associated with fear of progression of MS (P<0.05). Conclusion:The present study suggests that anxiety, MS knowledge and QOL-Psychological health are associated with fear of progression of MS. Thus, these parameters can be utilizedfor management and health-care policies of MS.

Valid and reliable clinical indicators are regarded as the most important necessities to promote and measure clinical services. Therefore, the present study aims at systematic summarizing and reviewing clinical indicators, their types and codification processes. Methods: This systematic review study was conducted using keywords of "indicator" and "clinical" and their Persian equivalent from Medline, Google scholar, SID, PubMed, and Science Direct databases, Yahoo and Google motor searches, authentic journals, the related websites, and other references at the time interval of 1975-2012. After subject evaluation, abstract and full texts of the studies were found and the studies with weak relation with objectives of the study were eliminated. The selected studies were carefully considered and their results were extracted using Extraction Table. Results: In this study, 2094 articles were found and 30 articles were finally studied. Exact evaluation of the articles resulted in 512 clinical indicators approximately covering all clinical fields. The selected indicators were classified in 6 categories, 19 types, and 10 methods and their selection and codification were divided into three general stages of data collection, indicators selection, and being assured of the indicators reliability. Conclusion: To evaluate clinical governance performance in hospitals with clinical efficiency as one of its main elements, valid clinical indicators are required to measure and promote clinical services' quality. Summarizing valid indicators of studies conducted all over the world, the present study can be used to codify appropriate clinical indicators.

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Background: Photothrombotic (PT) stroke model is a reliable, reproducible, noninvasive and accessible method to induce ischemic stroke in the target site using excitation of photosensitive agents such as Rose Bengal (RB) dye after light illumination. Methods: The thirty animals were assigned into three groups of Laser irradiation, RB, and Laser irradiation+RB. We assessed ischemic stroke outcomes through multiple cellular and behavioral approaches. Laser irradiation+ RB promoted pale ischemic changes after 7 days. Microscopic staining revealed neural tissue degeneration and demarcated necrotic site and neuronal injury plus prominent astrogliosis in the periphery of irradiated sites. We performed (BrdU/NeuN) staining to examine the neurogenesis on day 28. The volume of the lesion site was calculated using unbiased stereological study and Cavalier’s principle. To assess the efficiency of ischemic stroke, modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and cylinder tests were done on days 1, 7, 14, and 28. Results: BrdU+/NeuN+ staining showed a significant increase in the number of proliferating cells in the Laser irradiation+ RB group compared to the other groups (p<0.05), while the percent of NeuN+ cells reduced. In Laser irradiation + RB group, we found the largest infarct cavity volume and functional deficits during post ischemic days 1-7 that reduced thereafter. Conclusion: Our study revealed that the PT although increased the cell proliferating in the periphery of the lesion site, but due to an undesirable microenvironment, the neurogenesis decreased concomitantly with the functional and infarct size alleviation.