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Background: Gram-negative bacteria are a major cause of pulmonary infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Objectives: The study aimed to conduct the molecular identification of Gram-negative bacterial flora causing pulmonary infection in children with CF. Methods: In this study, sputum samples were taken from 64 CF children undergoing treatment as outpatients or inpatients at a referral children's hospital in Tehran. The PCR technique was used to detect the presence of Gram-negative bacteria, namely Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Burkholderia cepacia. Results: All samples were positive for 16srRNA. Pseudomonas spp. and A. baumannii were detected in 47% and 14% of the studied samples, respectively. Co-colonization by Pseudomonas spp. and A. baumannii was observed in three (5%) samples. Conclusions: According to this survey, Pseudomonas spp. were the most prevalent Gram-negative bacteria isolated from CF patients with pulmonary infection by molecular assays.

Background: Febrile seizures (FS) are common in young children. Viral infections that result in high fever are frequent etiologic agents that lead to febrile seizures. Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV6), Influenza virus, adenovirus, and enterovirus have been named as the most common viruses causing high fevers in young children. Although bacterial infections have rarely been found as causative agents, many children with febrile seizures are treated with empiric antibiotics. Objectives: To determine the epidemiology of the viral (HHV6, Adenovirus, HSV1, Enterovirus) and bacterial infection in children presenting with febrile seizures. Methods: In a descriptive study, data was collected from 93 children, 3 months to 5 years of age, hospitalized with febrile seizures between September 2016 and April 2017. Relevant information was documented on a previously designed questionnaire. Blood samples were collected for culture, Serum 16S rRNA for bacteria, and PCR assay for 4 viruses (HHV6, adenovirus, enterovirus and HSV), in addition to routine investigations. Results: Of the 93 patients, serum PCR results were negative for 73 patients (78.49%) and 15 (16.13%) were positive for viruses (11 for HHV6 and 4 for Adenovirus). Serum 16S rRNA for bacteria was detected in 5 cases and blood culture was positive in 4 cases. Conclusions: Findings of this study indicate a significant prevalence of viruses and a very low rate of bacterial infection in children with febrile seizures, thus, negating the use of empirical antibiotic therapy.