The present study was aimed to determine the effect of different types of milk and kefir grains or starter cultures on the chemical properties, and microorganism counts of kefir samples. The type of milk had a significant effect on the acidity, dry matter, protein, and CD 2 values. Acidity and CD 2 values increased during storage period, while dry matter, fat and protein contents decreased. However, the type of milk had no significant effect on Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and yeast counts. On the samples produced using starter culture microorganism counts except those of L. acidophilus of the samples increased (p < 0.05) during the 14 days of storage. Higher Lactobacilli (8.52 log cfu/ml) and Lactococci (8.84 log cfu/ml) was found in kefir produced using buffalo milk and starter culture in 21 days of storage, while higher L. acidophilus (6.41 log cfu/ml) was found in kefir produced using cow milk and starter culture. On general, due to the higher dry matter and protein content and yeast population, kefir made from buffalo milk may be preferred.

Invertase and glucose oxidase are secreted by the hypopharyngeal glands of honeybees for the hydrolysis of sucrose and the preservation from microbial effects, respectively. It is also prominent to understand how the levels of invertase and glucose oxidase of raw honey samples are being influenced by different conditions because the behavior of these specific enzymes in raw honeys could be a marker for the quality parameters. On the basis of this expectation, three raw honey samples tagged as blossom, pine, and oak were investigated. To reach the desired aim, extraction conditions were diversified by the range of different periods as 0, 1, 3, and 6 h and of different temperatures as 24, 45, and 65°C. e optimal heating condition and the period of extraction for invertase activity of all honey types were 24°C and 1 h because data of this condition were 147.960-178.266 enzyme unit per kilogram (U/kg) and 20.179-24.313 invertase number (IN). Although the variety of glucose oxidase activity was not evaluated as a worthwhile indicator of quality for raw honey due to its abnormal activity behavior, the change of invertase activity should be considered as a quality parameter due to showing the gradual decreasing level from initially a quite high one.

Bee bread is a bee product produced by bees in which they combine pollen with their digestive enzymes and place them in the comb cells. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the nutritional and antioxidant properties of Anatolian bee bread and present an examination of regional differences. In order to emphasize the bioavailability of bee bread and to determine its phenolic, flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and nutritional quality, ten samples were collected from different parts of Anatolia. Seven of them were from Muğla (prominent city in terms of honey production), one was from Van representing the Eastern Anatolia region, one was from Sivas representing the Central Anatolia region and one was from Kırşehir. Ten samples were analyzed for total phenolic, flavonoid, antioxidant and moisture content, and the mixture representing ten samples were analyzed for nutritional content (carbohydrate, fat, saturated fat, fiber, protein, salt, ash, iron and zinc). Total phenolic content, flavonoid, antioxidant content and moisture content of the samples were determined as 11.90 – 14.77 mg GAE/g, 1.30 – 6.30 mg CE/g, 20.03 – 35.43 mg TEAC/g and 10.13 – 18.10%, respectively. The highest phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant content was observed in Muğla2 samples. The study’s results were compared to results found in literature, and it was concluded that Anatolian bee bread has high antioxidant content and nutritional value, especially, in terms of carbohydrates, iron and zinc.

Bu araştırmada Sivas ilinde bulunan 5 süt fabrikasının depo tankından temin edilen 50 adet süt örneğinin fiziksel, kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik özellikleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda süt örneklerinin pH, asitlik derecesi (%), yağ, yağsız kurumadde, toplam kurumadde ve yoğunluk değerlerinin sırasıyla 4, 89-6,70, %0,135-0,495, %1,7-7,6, %7,33-9,80, %10,00-16,90, 1,0230-1,0312 g/mL arasında değiştiği ve süt örneklerinin hepsinin fosfataz pozitif olduğu saptanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler Türk Gıda Kodeksi ve Çiğ Süt Standardı ile karşılaştırıldığında sütlerin %26'sında yağ, %28'inde özgül ağırlık, %32'sinde toplam kurumadde, %58'inde yağsız kurumadde, %84'ünde pH değerinin düşük; %60'ında asitlik değeri yüksek saptanmıştır. Örneklerin toplam koliform bakteri sayısının %30'unda >1100 EMS/mL, toplam mezofilik aerobik bakteri sayısının %88'inde >100.000 kob/mL, somatik hücre sayısının %40'ında 500.000 hücre/mL üzerinde olduğu ve maya-küf sayısının ise %78'inde 10 4 -10 6 kob/mL arasında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Determination of Physical, Chemical and Microbiological Properties of Milk From Some Dairy Plants in Sivas Province A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Research ArticleReceived 24 January 2017 Accepted 29 March 2017 In this study, physical, chemical and microbiological properties of 50 raw bulk milk samples obtained from 5 different dairy plants in the Sivas were investigated. The pH, acidity, fat, non-fat dry-matter, total dry matter contents and density of raw milk samples were 4.89-6.70, 0.135-0.495%, 1.7-7.6%, 7.33-9.80%, 10.00-16.90%, and 1.0230-1.0312 g/mL, respectively. Fat content of the 26%, specific gravity of 28%, total dry matter of 32%, solids-non-fat of 58%, pH value of 84% of the milk samples were found lower whereas titratable acidity of 60% of the samples were determined higher than the values stated in the Turkish Food Codex and in the Raw Milk Standard. Total coliform bacteria counts of 30%, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts of 88%, and somatic cell counts of 40% of the samples were higher than 1100 MPN/mL, 100000 cfu/mL and 500000 cell/mL, respectively. Yeast-mold counts of 72% of the milk samples were found between 10 4 -10 6 cfu/mL.

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