Aim :Methodology : Results :Interpretation :Allelochemicals present in some plants exert inhibitory effects on growth and development of other plants. This study was carried out due to the observation of weak development in the ryegrass under Scots Pine to explore whether allelochemicals contained by the leaves of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris sp.) plant had an inhibitory effect on germination ability and development of Lolium multiflorum 'Casamba', Agrostis tenuis 'Highland' and Festuca arundinacea 'Apache' culture forms among ryegrass plants.Extracts collected from dried Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris sp.) leaves were applied to -1 specified grass seeds at different test concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 g l ). Control group was incubated with distilled water, while treatment groups were incubated with 4 ml of prepared extracts.Findings indicated that these extracts had inhibitory effects on germination and growth in grass plants depending on the seed type and applied concentrations. Among these analyzed three species, the highest allelopathic (inhibitory) effect dependent to concentrations was observed in A. tenuis, while the lowest allelopathic effect was observed in L. multiflorum species.Allopathic effect should be considered when ryegrass is planted under the pine trees to prevent economic losses. Journal of Environmental Biology

This study investigated the physical properties of hot-cold oil-treated Brutia pine sapwood (Pinus brutia) and its biological resistance against wood-decay fungi. Weight percent gain, density, water absorption, and volumetric shrinking were chosen as the physical properties of the wood. White rot (Trametes versicolor) and brown rot (Neolentinus lepideus) were selected as the wood-decay fungi. Two different temperatures and two different time intervals were determined for the hot-cold oil treatment. Castor oil (Ricinus communis), flaxseed oil (Oleum linii), and a mixture of the two were used as the treatment oils (the medium of the hot-cold treatment). The results showed that the physical properties of the hot-cold oil-treated samples improved significantly compared to those of the control samples. In addition, after exposure to the decay fungi, the mass loss of the hot-cold flaxseed oil-treated samples decreased significantly more than in either the untreated samples or those treated with the other oils. There was a significant increase in the water repellent effectiveness and dimensional stability of the Brutia pine sapwood with all hot-cold oil treatments, but the hot-cold castor oil treatment appeared to have had no effect on decay resistance. A hot-cold oil treatment using flaxseed oil or a mixture including it could be a suitable method for improvement of the water repellent effectiveness, dimensional stability, and decay resistance of Brutia pine sapwood, as they both reduced the water uptake and the mass loss against the wood-decay fungi compared to the results of the control samples.

Kombu tea is a slightly sweet and acidic beverage that is consumed worldwide but has a low level of awareness in our country, resulting from the symbiotic relationship between acetic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation. Temperature is an important parameter in the production conditions of this drink, which has many health benefits. This study aimed to determine the effect of incubation temperature and fermentation time on physicochemical and microbiological properties of kombucha tea. Methods and Results: In this study, physicochemical and microbiological changes on days 0, 5, 10 and 15 th occurring as a result of incubation in room conditions (15-20°C) and incubator conditions (28°C) were investigated. The pH of the Kombu tea samples produced at room temperature is 3.51-5.39; brix values 8.71-9.57; alcohol content 1.10-3.07%; total amount of phenolic substance 374-364 mg gallic acid L -1 ; antioxidant activity was determined as 80.57-76.58% and density value was 1.037-1.036 g mL -1 . The pH of the Kombu tea samples fermented at 28 °C is 3.22-5.39; brix 8.71-10.10; alcohol content 1.10-3.76%; the total amount of phenolic substance 374-430 mg gallic acid L -1 ; antioxidant activity was determined to be 80,57-80,00% and density was 1.037-1.035 g mL -1 . A statistically significant difference (p <0.05) in the a* and b* values on the 5 th and 10 th days of different fermentation conditions and the L* and a* values on the 15 th day has been determined. An increase in the number of microorganisms (p <0.05) was detected depending on the fermentation days at both of the Kombu tea produced at different temperatures. According to the fermentation conditions at different temperatures, the increase in the number of yeast-mold was statistically insignificant, while the increase in the 5 th and 10 th days was statistically significant (p <0.05) in terms of the number of bacteria. Conclusions: Instead of standardizing the fermentation temperature and/or duration, the pH value of the product is considered to be an important criterion in determining the fermentation conditions in the production of Kombu tea. Significance and Impact of the Study: In the light of these findings, if standardization is necessary, fermentation time at 28°C is recommended to be 10 days, or at room temperature 15 days.

Sıcak-soğuk biyo-yağ işleminin yerli çam türü ağaç malzemenin özellikleri üzerine etkileri bilinmemektedir. Bu çalışmada sıcak-soğuk biyo-yağ işleminin kızılçam odunundan hazırlanan ağaç malzemede yağ alımı, yoğunluk ve rutubet miktarı üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, hint yağı (Ricinus communis L.), keten yağı (Oleum linii), karma yağ (hint yağı + keten yağı) ve kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) diri odunu kullanılmıştır. Odun örnekleri 6 saat sıcak (110 ºC ± 2 ºC) yağ ile muamele edildikten sonra 2 saat soğuk (23 ºC ± 2 ºC) yağ ile muamele edilmiştir. Test ve kontrol örneklerinin yağ alımı, yoğunluk ve rutubet miktarları ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen veriler, SPPS istatistik programı yardımıyla analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, sıcak-soğuk biyo-yağ işleminin kızılçam odununda yağ alımı, yoğunluk ve rutubet miktarını istatistiksel anlamda önemli derecede etkilediğini, bu etkiler arasında %95 güvenle önemli farklılıklar olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu uygulama ile test örneklerinin kontrole kıyasla yoğunluğu %40.38-%78.85 artarken, rutubet miktarı %93.44-%96.72 oranında azalmıştır. En yüksek yoğunluk keten yağı işleminde, en düşük yoğunluk ise hint yağı işleminde ölçülmüştür. Keten yağı muamelesi en düşük rutubet miktarını verirken en büyük rutubet miktarı karma yağ muamelesinde ölçülmüştür. Sıcak-soğuk karma yağ işlemi, diğerlerine göre rutubet miktarını yükseltirken, yoğunluğu hint yağına göre arttırmış, keten yağına göre azaltmıştır. Buna göre, denge rutubeti azalıp yoğunluğu artan kızılçam diri odununda porozite ve penetrasyon sınırlandığından rutubet difüzyonu engellenmiştir.