Direct and atom-economical amidation of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs naproxen ibuprofen and ketoprofen with a variety of secondary amines was effected using commercially available DCC under mild and open-air conditions. These prodrug amides were obtained in good to moderate yields ranging between 30-90 %.

A sterically crowded light-responsive host 1 was synthetized with a 93% yield by applying a post-functionalization protocol utilizing the double amidation of 4,4′-azodibenzoyl dichloride with a readily available 26-membered macrocyclic amine. X-ray structures of two hydrates of trans-1 demonstrate a very different alignment of the azobenzene linkage, which is involved in T-shape or parallel-displaced π⋯π stacking interactions with the pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide moieties from the macrocyclic backbone. Despite the rigidity of the macrocyclic framework, which generates a large steric hindrance around the azobenzene chromophore, the host 1 retains the ability to undergo a reversible cis⟷trans isomerization upon irradiation with UVA (368 nm) and blue (410 nm) light. Moreover, thermal cis→trans back-isomerization (ΔG0 = 106.5 kJ∙mol−1, t½ = 141 h) is markedly slowed down as compared to the non-macrocyclic analog. 1H NMR titration experiments in DMSO-d6/0.5% water solution reveal that trans-1 exhibits a strong preference for dihydrogenphosphate (H2PO4−) over other anions (Cl−, MeCO2−, and PhCO2−), whereas the photogenerated metastable cis-1 shows lower affinity for the H2PO4− anion.

A novel and efficient catalyst and activating agent free amidation method via direct amidation of carboxylic acids where carbodiimides act as a reagent instead of an activating agent was reported....