We assume that leptin might serve as a marker of severity in psoriasis and also may be a pathogenetic cofactor contributing to chronicity of the disease. Consequently, its role in obesity and cardiovascular disease in patients with psoriasis deserves to be studied. In addition, drugs targeting the proinflammatory effects of leptin may be a new adjuvant therapeutic approach in psoriasis.

Inflammasome formation following stimulation with NOD1/NOD2 and RIG measured by caspase-1 activation, cytokine levels and expression of RIP2 and p38 seems to be functionally normal in DCs and neutrophils of BD patients, although slightly defective responses in some pathways and cytokine levels were observed. These results may suggest that caspase-1-independent pathways such as toll-like receptors may be more prominent in BD pathogenesis.

Objective: The survival of a semi-allogeneic fetus depends on several immunological mechanisms, and it has been suggested that recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) could develop as a result of one or more immunological abnormalities.Methods: Compatibility between partners for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes and the relationships between maternal killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and paternal HLA-Bw4/Bw6 and HLA-C1/C2 supra-groups were investigated in 25 couples with RPL in comparison to healthy couples with children. HLA and KIR genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers and/or sequence-specific oligonucleotides.Results: HLA class I incompatibility between partners, especially in HLA-B alleles, was more common in the RPL group (<i>p</i>= 0.01). HLA-C2 homozygosity was more frequent in the male partners of RPL couples than in other groups (<i>p</i>= 0.03). The <i>KIR2DL5</i> gene frequency was significantly higher in both the female and male partners of RPL couples, whereas the <i>KIR2DS3</i> gene frequency in male partners of RPL couples was significantly reduced (<i>p</i>= 0.03). The presence of KIR2DL3 in women with RPL was correlated with the presence of HLA-C2 alleles in their spouses (<i>p</i>= 0.03).Conclusion: Our data from a Turkish population suggest that male HLA-C2 homozygosity may play an important role in RPL. Additionally, an incidental match between male HLA-C2 and female HLA-C1 ligand KIR receptors might perturb the balance between activatory and inhibitory KIR-ligand interactions during pregnancy in couples affected by RPL. The roles of orphan <i>KIR2DL5</i> and orphan <i>KIR2DS3</i> in RPL remain obscure.

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