BackgroundParaoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme that protects high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein against oxidation. Limited studies have addressed the influence of exercise on PON1 activity and its relationship with PON1 phenotypes. We investigated relationships between PON1-192 phenotypes, PON1 activity, aerobic exercise, and blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in middle-aged women.MethodsAn exercise group (n = 50) engaging in regular aerobic exercise and a control group (n = 41) were selected from a subset of 300 Caucasian women that met the inclusion criteria. Serum PON1, salt-stimulated PON1 (SSPON1), and arylesterase (ARE) activities; cholesterol levels and ARE activities of total HDL and HDL subgroups (HDLs) (supernatants obtained by polyethylene glycol); and blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were determined by standardized enzymatic methods. PON1-192 QQ (low activity), QR (moderate activity), and RR (high activity) phenotype groups were defined using serum SSPON1/ARE activity ratios. The R-carries (RC) phenotype group consisted of the QR and RR groups combined.ResultsAll lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were greater in the exercise group than in the control group. Regardless of phenotype, no significant differences were observed between the exercise and control groups in terms of serum PON1, SSPON1, or ARE activity associated with HDLs (p > 0.05), whereas PON1 activities in QQ-phenotyped women in the exercise group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.01), but not the RC group. A statistically significant interaction between PON1 phenotypes (QQ and RC groups) and exercise (exercise and control groups) on PON1 activity was found.ConclusionThese results showed that a regular aerobic exercise program can improve PON1 activity depending on PON1-192 phenotype, but not on lipid and lipoprotein levels, in middle-aged Turkish women.
Background and Study Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate acute effects of different warm-up and stretching protocols, on 30 m. sprint, flexibility, vertical jump, strength, balance and anaerobic power performances in junior male judokas. Material and Methods: Twenty sub-elite 11-14 year old judokas who volunteered to participate in the study (age: 12,25±0,96 years; height: 1,52±0,11cm; body mass: 48,06±14,22 kg). This study consist of four different stretching and warm up protocols; without stretching (WS); static stretching (SS); dynamic warm up (DW); dynamic+static warm up (DSW). Results: The effect of the four stretching and warm up protocols were analysed by an ANOVA for repeated measures (WS x SS x DW x DSW). After stretching and warm up protocols, 30 m. sprint values are statistically significance (p<0.05). There was find statistically significant between WS and DSW, SS and DW, DW and DSW (p<0.05). There were no significant difference is found on flexibility values between four stretching and warm up protocols (p>0.05). There was only significant difference is found between WS and SS (p<0.05). Altough leg strength performance wasn’t statistically significant (p>0.05), there was found significant differences between WS and DSW, SS and DSW in favour of DSW (p<0.05). Other parameters like vertical jump, balance and back strength performance weren’t statistically significant after four stretching and warm up protocols. Conclusions: Consequently it is suggested for coaches and judokas that SS are required for developing flexibility performance and DSW can suggest for leg strength improvement.
A AB BS ST TR RA AC CT T OOb bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas which has vasodilator, antioxidant and metabolic regulator features. The positive effect of aerobic exercise is well known on the production of NO in healthy men. However, the effects of chronic anaerobic exercise on blood NO levels remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of both chronic aerobic and anaerobic exercise on basal serum nitric oxide (BSNO) levels, and the relationships between BSNO and some aerobic and anaerobic performance parameters. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : Three groups participated in the present study, each of them was composed of 11 healthy men with similar physical characteristics. The groups consisted of volleyball players as the anaerobic group (AnG), swimmers as the aerobic group (AeG) with long-term exercise background and volunteers who did not exercise regularly as the control group (CG). BSNO (as total nitrite) analysis was determined in fasting venous blood by using Griess method. Mean power and peak power as the criteria of anaerobic performance were determined by using Wingate test, and lactate minimum speed (LMS) was determined as the criterion of aerobic endurance with the LMS test based on lactate elimination. Finger tip lactate measurements were taken during certain segments of LMS test. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : The BSNO value of the AeG was significantly higher compared to the CG (90.34 vs. 74.39 µM), but it was not different from that of the AnG (80.02 µM). No significant relationships were observed between the BSNO and LMS values in any group. The LMS value of the AeG was significantly greater than that in the CG (11.59 vs. 10.27 km/h). Peak power (13.11 vs. 9.84 w/kg) and mean power (8.55 vs. 7.36 w/kg) were significantly greater in the AnG compared to the AeG. A positive correlation was found between BSNO in the AeG and peak power (r=0.648, p=0.031) in the AeG. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that regular aerobic exercise may improve blood NO levels while anaerobic exercise does not; nevertheless, NO may play a role in both aerobic and anaerobic adaptations to exercise. K Ke ey y W Wo or rd ds s: : Nitric oxid; lactic acid; exercise; anaerobic threshold Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Nitrik oksit (NO) vazodilaör, antioksidan ve metabolik özelliklere sahip bir gazdır. Aerobik egzersizin kan NO düzeylerini iyileştirdiği bilinmektedir. Ancak anaerobik egzersizin kan NO düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisi belirsizdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; aerobik ve anaerobik egzersiz antrenmanlarının kan NO düzeyleri üzerindeki kronik etkilerinin ve bazal serum NO (BSNO) düzeyi ile bazı aerobik ve anaerobik performans parametreleri arasındaki ilişkilerin araştırılmasıdır. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Çalışmaya benzer fiziksel özelliklere ve uzun bir antrenman geçmişine sahip üç grup katılmış olup, grupların herbiri sağlıklı 11 erkek gönüllüden oluşmaktadır. Anaerobik g...
Abstract:The aim of this study was to determine the anthropometric profiles of young male and female swimmers and to investigate the contribution of anthropometric characteristics to two determinants of swimming performance: critical velocity and estimated propulsive force. The study sample consisted of 25 female (age: 12.0 ± 0.9 years, height: 152.2 ± 8.3 cm, body mass: 42.0 ± 7.8 kg) and 25 male (age: 12.4 ± 1.2 years, height: 154.7 ± 11.3 cm, body mass: 49.1 ± 12.0 kg) swimmers. The swimmers were grouped in gender categories. For this study, the anthropometry was divided into 3 categories: length (cm), breadth (cm), and girth (cm) measurements. The critical velocity was estimated from 200-m and 400-m freestyle swimming performance. The estimated propulsive force was calculated using arm muscle area. Statistically significant correlation coefficients (ranging from 0.34 to 0.66) were found between the anthropometric characteristics (19 characteristics) and critical velocity for the female swimmers. Regarding swimming performance determinants, the highest correlations were between the hip girth and critical velocity (r = 0.66; p < 0.05) and between the flexed arm and estimated propulsive force (r = 0.87; p < 0.05). For the male swimmers, the highest correlations were between the transverse chest and critical velocity (r = 0.81; p < 0.05) and between the thoracic girth and estimated propulsive force (r = 0.90; p < 0.05). The somatotype analysis showed that the female swimmers were of the ectomesomorph type, and the male swimmers were of the endo-mesomorph type. The skinfold, length, girth and breadth could be used as predictors of critical velocity and estimated propulsive force in young swimmers. This study could help swimming coaches attain objective knowledge about the swimming performance of their athletes after basic anthropometric measurements and help them to benefit from this knowledge while monitoring the athletes' developmental process.
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