Spinosad (SPN) and abamectin (ABM) are used in poultry premises to control external parasites including red mites (Dermanyssus gallinae). This study aimed to determine levels of SPN (spinosyn A + spinosyn D) and ABM residues in egg and edible tissues of laying hens following spray application. A total of 36 laying hens were divided into four groups of nine birds each, and they were kept in individual cages. Two different concentrations of SPN (2 and 4 g/l) and ABM (0.025 and 0.033 g/l) were applied in stocked and empty cages, respectively. Eggs were collected individually for 30 days. All hens were sacrificed at day 30 post-treatment, and tissue samples (liver, breast muscle, fat and skin) were collected. The residue levels in eggs and tissues were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. ABM residues were not detectable in egg samples. SPN residues in eggs and residues of both ABM and SPN in liver, muscle and fat were under the maximum residue limits (MRLs) following low and high concentration applications. However, although the MRLs have not been established for SPN and ABM in skin tissue of chicken, residues in the skin detected at the low and high concentrations were greater than the MRLs for other edible tissues (except fat tissue) indicating that a withdrawal period would be necessary for the skin tissue after ABM and SPN use in laying hens.

The horse milk gains increasing interest as a food product for sensitive consumers, such as children with food allergies or elderly people. We investigated the plasma and milk disposition, faecal excretion and efficacy of per os ivermectin (IVM) and pour-on eprinomectin (EPM) in horses. Ten mares were divided into two groups. The equine paste formulation of IVM and bovine pour-on formulation of EPM were administered orally and topically at dosage of 0.2 and 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight. Blood, milk and faecal samples were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The plasma concentration and persistence of IVM were significantly greater and longer compared with those of EPM. Surprisingly, EPM displayed a much higher disposition rate into milk (AUC : 0.48) than IVM (AUC : 0.19). IVM exhibited significantly higher faecal excretion (AUC : 7148.54 ng·d/g) but shorter faecal persistence (MRT : 1.17 days) compared with EPM (AUC : 42.43 ng·d/g and MRT : 3.29 days). Faecal strongyle egg counts (EPG) were performed before and at weekly intervals after treatment. IVM reduced the EPG by 96-100% for up to 8 weeks, whereas the reduction in the EPM group varied from 78 to 99%. In conclusion, due to the relatively low excretion in milk, EPM and IVM may be used safely in lactating mares if their milk is used for human consumption. Nevertheless, much lower plasma and faecal availabilities of EPM could result in subtherapeutic concentrations, which may increase the risk of drug resistance in nematodes after pour-on EPM administration compared with per os IVM.

No abstract

In this study, to produce single-use bee-repellent fabrics, a variety of essential oils were encapsulated with gum arabic wall material at a 1:5 ratio of wall to the core substance. The following core substances were used: lavender oil, laurel oil, fennel oil, N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), lavender + laurel oil, lavender + fennel oil, laurel + fennel oil, lavender + fennel + laurel oil, lavender oil + DEET, fennel oil + DEET and laurel oil + DEET. Lavender, fennel and laurel oils were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In this context, 11 different microcapsules were produced. After the microencapsulation process, the microcapsules were analyzed with a light microscope and by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, an image processing application was developed and implemented to determine the particle size distribution of the microcapsules. After the analysis of the microcapsules, cotton fabric samples were treated with the microcapsules. In order to analyze the microcapsules on the fabric samples, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used. To analyze the bee-repellent abilities of the fabric samples, 12 different measurement cabinets made of pine tree and glass were produced. According to the results, lavender and fennel oils can be used as bee-repellent alternatives to DEET in beekeeping.

No abstract