Purpose: Vitamin D, a fat-soluble secosteroid, has a significant role in bone metabolism and helps calcium absorption in the body. Since vitamin D concentration is altered in fortified foods and dietary supplements, the actual amount of vitamin D may differ from the label value. Methods: In this study, the concentrations of vitamin D2 and D3 of fortified bread sample were analytically determined. For this purpose, dough or homogenized bread sample was saponified using potassium hydroxide solution (30%, w/v) at 80°C, and the saponified analytes were extracted into n-heptane followed by liquid-liquid extraction. Then n-heptane fraction was evaporated to dryness and the sample was reconstituted in methanol. The effect of different parameters was evaluated by one variable at one-time strategy. Results: The analytes concentrations were evaluated in dough fermentation, baking and storage steps. The effect of temperature in dough fermentation and baking was evaluated at the range of 5-30 and 200-250°C, respectively. Also, the fermentation time was studied in the range of 0-120 min. The analytes concentrations were followed for 1 to 5 days after baking. The results indicated that dough fermentation temperature has no significant effect on the concentration of the analytes. On the other hand, when the dough fermentation time and baking temperature are increased, the analytes concentrations are decreased. Also, the storage duration of the spiked bread samples decreased the analytes concentrations after one day. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, baking the dough at high temperatures lead to decrease in vitamin levels.

A B S T R A C TBackground and Objectives: : Vitamin D 3 measurement in food and fortified food matrixes is usually interrupted by several variables. This study aimed to elaborate a specific vitamin D 3 quantification method for fortified Taftoon bread considering different influential variables in each step of measurement. Materials and Methods:Dough was fortified with (4μg/100g) and the standard protocol No.13579 was followed with some modification in the extraction and determination steps.Results: Addition of ethanol before adding potassium hydroxide and heating up the samples in tight containers in saponification step ceased clumping the extracts and helps it's homogeneity. In extraction, distilled water addition following extraction with diethyl ether and Petroleum ether, adding ethanol at each step of washing and using SPE column result in an appropriate experimental extract. In the chromatography step, mobile phase substitution from methanol to 5:95 water, methanol mixture provided the method with more differentiation power. Using the above condition, commercial vitamin D 3 was recovered from fortified Taftoon dough with 82-100% recovery and recovery of spiked vitamin D 2 from dough and bread were ranged as 94 and 86.5%, respectively, Limit Of Detection(LOD) and Limit Of Quantification(LOQ) of the method were 0.04 and 0.1mg L -1 respectively, which equaled 5μg/Kg and 10μg/Kg. True retention for the added commercial vitamin D 3 in Taftoon bread was obtained as 83.4% which increased to 92% after six months storage in freezer. Conclusions:Results of this study can be used to specify a protocol for vitamin D 3 measurement in fortified bread samples. Modified experiment which is projected in this study would specify the general protocol of vitamin D 3 measurement that was previously proposed in the national standard of Iran for developing a new and practical national standard document.

BACKGROUND: Municipality cleaners are exposed to food insecurity, Musculoskeletal Symptoms (MSs), and fatigue. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of food insecurity on MSs, fatigue, and productivity among municipality cleaners. METHODS: This study was conducted on 399 Iranian male municipality cleaners with at least one year of working experience. The data were gathered via a demographic/occupational questionnaire, the Persian version of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (P-HFIAS), the Persian version of Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (P-NMQ), the Persian version of the Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue scale (P-MAF), and the Persian version of Health and Work Questionnaire (P-HWQ). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple logistic regression (Forward Wald), and multiple linear regression (Stepwise). RESULTS: The findings revealed that 42.6%of the municipality cleaners were in the ‘severely food insecure’ category. The highest prevalence of MSs in the past week were related to knees (35.8%), lower back (35.1%), and ankles/feet (28.8%). Based on the results, the chance of MSs in the shoulders (OR = 1.66) and ankles/feet (1.60) regions, and MSs at least in one body region (OR = 1.47) was higher in the individuals with severe food insecurity than the others. Considering the P-MAF, food insecurity was associated with the ‘degree and severity’, ‘distress that it causes’, and ‘timing of fatigue’ subscales and ‘total fatigue’. Considering the P-HWQ, food insecurity was associated with ‘productivity’, ‘other’s assessment’, ‘concentration/focus’, ‘supervisor relations’, ‘non-work satisfaction’, and ‘impatience/irritability’ subscales. CONCLUSION: The study revealed an association between food insecurity and MSs in some body regions and fatigue and productivity subscales among the municipality cleaners. Nutritional and ergonomic programs are recommended to reduce municipality cleaners’ food insecurity, MSs, and fatigue and enhance their productivity.