neonates. The formula milk is concerned to impair the immune system of an infant and develops metabolic syndromes in 10 adult life. It is evident from literature that the breast milk microbiome varies from colostrum to late lactational phases, maternal health status and gestational 11 age. Few dominating genera in breast milk are Streptococcus, Staphylococcus,

Background: Visually-induced motion sickness (VISM) is an emerging problem in the application of virtual reality (VR) technology. Binaural beats are proven to be effective in reducing anxiety levels and enhancing pain management in VR environments. They may have the potential to be a remedy for symptoms of visually-induced motion sickness. Objective: To investigate whether binaural beats can effectively ease the symptoms of VIMS. Methods: Motion sickness susceptible individuals (n=35) were assigned to wear VR headsets and watch a 15-min VR video to evoke VIMS. Whenever motion sickness was self-reported by subjects, they were randomized into three groups receiving three types of intervention methods: Subjects in the experimental group listened to binaural beats; The control group was treated with beats of the same frequency at two soundtracks. And the blank group recovered without any sound played in the earphones. Subjects filled in the Simulator Sickness Questionnaires (SSQ) at three stages—before watching the VR video (baseline), during the watching experience (induction), and after watching (recovery). To increase the credibility, their physiological data were collected by a Biofeedback device during the whole process. Results: Participants’ subjective SSQ scores were analyzed, which did not reveal any significant difference between recovery and induction (p>0.05). The physiological data were following the result obtained from analyzing SSQ scores. Conclusion: The binaural beats did not show a significant effect of alleviating VISM.

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Introduction: Zinc has many effects on human’s multiple systems in the body, including gastrointestinal tract. It is essential for normal development, immune system and growth of an infant. Zinc deficiency increases the chances and severity of gastrointestinal tract and respiratory infections. Children are at high risk of zinc deficiency as their requirements increases with growth. The amount of zinc absorbed from infant formulae is considerably lesser than that absorbed from mother’s milk. The aim was to study the differences in the growth indices of breast-fed and formula-fed infants and also to look for the association of zinc, if any, with these indices. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was performed from October 2017 to March 2018 in Peshawar, on 50 healthy infants {25 breast-fed infants (BFI) and 25 formula-fed infants (FFI)}. The infants' weight, height, BMI, head circumference and skinfolds (biceps and triceps) were recorded. Blood samples of all the infants were collected for zinc assay. Data were collected in an MS Excel sheet and descriptive data analysis was done by Minitab version 16. Results: It was observed that the head circumference (cm) of FFI was significantly higher (40.32± 2.34) in comparison to BFI (38.12±4.46) whereas SDS weight, SDS BMI, biceps and triceps measurements did not reveal any significant difference in the two groups. The variables showing a significant positive correlation with zinc were age (r = 0.328, p=0.02) and SDS height (r= 0.274, p= 0.05) while SDS weight, SDS BMI, biceps and triceps measurements were not correlated with zinc status. Conclusion: All the growth indices except head circumference of both breast-fed and formula-fed infants were comparable. Similarly, all these indices except SDS height were not associated with the levels of zinc during early infancy showing that zinc status does not affect the growth of infants at least in the early phase of life. Keywords: Zinc, Growth indices, Breast-feeding, Formula feeding

OBJECTIVE: Technology enhanced assessment or e-assessment is an emerging approach across the globe and is adapted by almost all medical and dental institutes. The objective of this study is to report on effects of COVID-19 on assessment format of medical institutes. This review seeks to find which methods are being used for a changed assessment format and who is being affected by sudden change in assessment format and what facilitators and/or barriers have been reported related to the success and/or failure of changed assessment format. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This scoping review followed the methodology outlined by Arksey and O’Malley framework (2005).Data sources including PubMed, Eric, Medline, Semantic scholar and Google scholar were searched for last 5 years of articles from 20016 to 2021 related to e-assessment in  medical education. RESULTS: In total, 9 articles met our inclusion criteria. Open book exam was considered to be a new normal keeping in mind its strengths and advantages in an online format. Digital literacy plays an important role in the acceptance of technology enhanced assessment. Faculty need training to opt for this sudden change in teaching and assessment format. Connectivity issues need to be taken care of, as the whole format depends upon it. CONCLUSION: e-assessment was well accepted by most of the students. Future studies should target students inconvenience for online assessment. Also lack of e-learning experience of some staff need attention. Insufficiency of IT technicians should be overcome. High speed internet is the requirement of the day. New soft wares can be developed for a more reliable and valid assessment method