To explore factors affecting human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence in all grades of cervical neoplasia among Chinese women, 1,264 women with abnormal cervical cytology attending the gynaecologic clinics of 11 major medical centres in Taiwan. Patients were interviewed and underwent complete gynaecologic examination including colposcopy. Cervical scrapings were collected for HPV DNA detection by both Hybrid Capture-2 (high-risk probe) and L1 consensus PCR-reverse line blot. The prevalences of HPV in the four different diagnosis groups: (i) suspicious (n = 316), (ii) low-grade intraepithelial lesion (n = 474), (iii) high-grade intraepithelial lesion (n = 450), and (iv) cancer (n = 16), were 36.1%, 74.7%, 83.6%, and 100%, respectively. In the latter two groups, Patients less than 30 or 40 years old, respectively, tended to be infected more frequently with HPV than the older patients were. The main correlates of HPV prevalence were lifetime number of sex partners (odds ratio (OR) for two or more partners: 2.44; 95% CI, 1.44-4.15), vaginal douching after intercourse (OR for douching frequently: 1.44; 95% CI, 1.01-2.04), vitamin supplementation (OR for regular vitamin supplement: 0.71, 95% CI, 0.55-0.92), and performance of Pap smear tests (OR for never having a Pap smear performed: 2.22; 95% CI, 1.19-4.17). The risk for vaginal douching was augmented by the promiscuity of sex partners (OR of 3.19 (1.91-5.34)) and smoking (OR of 1.90 (1.15-3.13)), whereas vitamin supplementation reduced the odds ratio to 1.35 (0.85-2.15). The results of this study provide further evidence of the role of HPV in cervical carcinogenesis. The data also indicate the main areas of risk for the prevalence of HPV in cervical neoplasia in Chinese women living in Taiwan.

CommentaryChronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in the elderly. Thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) progressively increases over time in older individuals, and hypothyroidism is highly prevalent in CKD patients. Hypothyroidism was reported to be associated with increased mortality in CKD patients [1,2]. The hypothesis of an adaptive and protective effect of abnormal thyroid function in CKD patients has been suggested [3]. Recently, several studies reported that elevated serum TSH level is associated with longevity [4,5]. However, the effect of thyroid function on CKD is unclear. Should abnormal thyroid function be considered as a marker for survival drawback and not an etiological factor in CKD patients? [3]. Higher TSH levels were associated with greater risk of subsequent CKD, according to a cohort study of elderly persons in Taipei City [6]. Mei-Hsing Chuang, MD, of Yang-Ming University in Taipei, and colleagues studied 41,454 non-CKD elderly adults who had received health examinations, including demographic characteristics, medical history, medication history, alcohol consumption, smoking status, vital status, and laboratory results. Subjects with DM (30.2% vs 23.4%), dyslipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia: 30.0% vs 23.8%; low HDL-C: 27.4% vs 23.4%), smoking (26.1% vs 24.4%), or obesity (28.4% vs 23.5%) had a greater risk of developing incident CKD. In adjusted analyses, the association between hypothyroidism and onset of CKD in the group without DM was significant. Subclinical hypothyroidism and overt hypothyroidism had an increased risk of developing CKD in non-DM patients (HR=1.19, 95% CI=1.07-1.31; HR=1.34, 95% CI=1.08-1.65, respectively). The study showed that the effects of comorbidities and DM can supersede the influence of hypothyroidism on CKD in individuals with DM.The likely biologic mechanism by which thyroid hormones affect kidney function seems to be by mediating on cardiac output and renal blood flow, contributing to changes in GFR. High serum creatinine also may explain the link between hypothyroidism and CKD [7][8][9][10][11].Although the study has a number of limitations, this finding suggests that thyroid function should be periodically checked in elderly adults to detect those individuals with abnormal thyroid function. Thyroid and renal function might be carefully monitored in persons with mildly abnormal TSH levels, because they are at risk of renal function decline. For elderly patients with CKD, the author also observed an increased death risk in individuals with TSH level higher than 5.2 mIU/L. It is also important for health care providers to acknowledge that periodic evaluation of TSH level in elderly CKD patients might be helpful to detect abnormal thyroid function [2]. However, a welldesigned randomized controlled trial is needed to evaluate the benefit of treating TSH elevation in elderly patients with CKD.