Modifications by impregnation and grafting are commonly used for the preparation of amine-functionalized MCM-41. A comprehensive evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods was performed in this work. MCM-41 was synthesized by the hydrothermal method, setting the amine-loading mass fraction at 40, 50, and 60 wt %. Three amine-modified adsorbents were prepared by impregnating polyethylenimine (PEI), and the three other adsorbents were prepared by grafting 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) onto MCM-41. The as-prepared adsorbents were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and N2 adsorption–desorption techniques. CO2 adsorption capacities were measured, and the experimental data were fitted with adsorption kinetic models. The cyclic stability of the adsorbents prepared by the two kinds of amine-modified methods was compared using the cyclic adsorption–desorption experiments. The characterization results showed that the target adsorbents were prepared successfully. The thermal stability of the adsorbents modified by grafting was better than the thermal stability of the adsorbents modified by the impregnation. Maximum CO2 adsorption capacities of 3.53 mmol g–1 (50% PEI–MCM-41) and 2.41 mmol g–1 (50% APTS–MCM-41) could be reached at 25 °C and 1 atm, which were 4.7 and 3.2 times greater than that of MCM-41. The Avrami model fitted the experimental data well, indicating a variety of interactions between the adsorbents and CO2. CO2 adsorption capacity after 5 adsorption–desorption cycles decreased by 14.22 and 5.19% for the adsorbents prepared by impregnation and grafting, respectively. It was concluded that MCM-41 modified by impregnation and grafting followed the same kinetic model. The absorbents modified by impregnation showed higher CO2 adsorption capacity and amine-loading efficiency, while those prepared by grafting had better thermal and cyclic stabilities.

This article examines institutional and cultural determinants of the speed of government responses during the COVID-19 pandemic. We define the speed as the marginal rate of stringency index change. Based on cross-country data, we find that collectivism is associated with higher speed of government response. We also find a moderating role of trust in government, i.e., the association of individualism-collectivism on speed is stronger in countries with higher levels of trust in government. We do not find significant predictive power of democracy, media freedom and power distance on the speed of government responses.

Functional ionic liquids (ILs) have potential advantages in reducing CO 2 emissions when applied for CO 2 absorption. However, the higher viscosity of functional ILs greatly affects the CO 2 absorption separation process. To improve the absorption performance, a functional IL [NH 2 e-mim][BF 4 ] was synthesized and mixed with low-viscosity conventional ILs [emim][BF 4 ]/[bmim][BF 4 ] based on their respective advantages in terms of CO 2 reduction, and the CO 2 absorption effect and regeneration performance of the binary ILs were investigated. {[NH 2 e-mim][BF 4 ] + [emim][BF 4 ]/[bmim][BF 4 ]} showed better performance when the mole fraction of [NH 2 e-mim][BF 4 ] (X [NH 2 e-mim][BF 4 ] ) was 0.4, and the CO 2 absorption performance reduced with the increase in the temperature. Density and viscosity of the binary rose with the increase of X [NH 2 e-mim][BF 4 ] and decrease in temperature. The optimal regeneration temperature was approximately 353.15 K when X [NH 2 e-mim][BF 4 ] was 0.4 in 0.1 MPa. During five cycles of absorption and regeneration, CO 2 absorption capacity of {[NH 2 e-mim][BF 4 ] + [emim][BF 4 ]/ [bmim][BF 4 ]} was maintained at 75−85% of the first absorption capacity.Moreover, the quality and density changed slightly, and viscosity showed a 5−10% increase in each loop. Thus, the mixed system had an effective regeneration performance.