A sample of 51 women enrolled in Taekwondo classes and 49 women enrolled in 4 sections of general health courses were administered the Tennessee Self-concept Scale to assess the effect of participation in Taekwondo on self-concept. Using analysis of covariance, with pretest scores as the covariate, significant differences were found on total self-concept and on subscale scores in physical, personal, social, identity, and satisfaction. Nonsignificant differences were found on moral-ethical, family, behavior, and self-criticism scales.

A sample of 18 students (8 women, 10 men) enrolled in a semester-long adventure-education class and 32 (17 women, 15 men) enrolled in a general health class were administered the Tennessee Self-concept Scale to assess the effect of participation in adventure-based activities on self-concept. Using analysis of covariance, with the pretest scores as the covariate, significant differences were found between the two groups on total self-concept and on subscale scores of Physical self, Social self, and Behavior subscales for men, with the scores of the adventure-education class being significantly higher than those of the control group. Significantly higher scores were found for women in the adventure-education class on total self-concept and on subscale scores than on the Physical self and Personal self scales.

This study involved a comparison of scores on the Commitment to Physical Activity Scale and the Social Physique Anxiety Scale by 258 women athletes, kinesiology majors, and a control group. Mean commitment to physical activity of the control group was significantly lower than the means of the other groups; the mean on anxiety about social physique was significantly higher.

206 women and 88 men enrolled in classes requiring different amounts of physical activity were administered the Personal Incentives for Exercise Questionnaire. A two-way multivariate analysis of variance, with course type and gender as the categorical independent variables and 10 subscale scores representing incentives to exercise as the multivariate dependent variables, was completed. Canonical discriminant analysis was used to identify which of the incentives is most useful in discriminating among participants in active and less active classes or between men and women. For main effects, analysis indicated an over-all significant difference for both course type and gender. Men scored higher than women on activity and on competition, for example, while women scored higher on appearance and weight management.

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