This paper presents a systematic study of the influence of electron‐transport materials on the operation stability of the inverted perovskite solar cells under both laboratory indoor and the natural outdoor conditions in the Negev desert. It is shown that all devices incorporating a Phenyl C61 Butyric Acid Methyl ester ([60]PCBM) layer undergo rapid degradation under illumination without exposure to oxygen and moisture. Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling reveals that volatile products from the decomposition of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) films diffuse through the [60]PCBM layer, go all the way toward the top metal electrode, and induce its severe corrosion with the formation of an interfacial AgI layer. On the contrary, alternative electron‐transport material based on the perylendiimide derivative provides good isolation for the MAPbI3 films preventing their decomposition and resulting in significantly improved device operation stability. The obtained results strongly suggest that the current approach to design inverted perovskite solar cells should evolve with respect to the replacement of the commonly used fullerene‐based electron‐transport layers with other types of materials (e.g., functionalized perylene diimides). It is believed that these findings pave a way toward substantial improvements in the stability of the perovskite solar cells, which are essential for successful commercialization of this photovoltaic technology.

Background Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are a highly variable set of phenotypes caused by fetal alcohol exposure. Numerous factors influence FASD phenotypes, including genetics. The zebrafish is a powerful vertebrate model system with which to identify these genetic factors. Many zebrafish mutants are housed at the Zebrafish International Resource Center (ZIRC). These mutants are readily accessible and an excellent source to screen for ethanol-sensitive developmental structural mutants. Methods We screened mutants obtained from ZIRC for sensitivity to ethanol teratogenesis. Embryos were treated with 1% ethanol (41 mM tissue levels) from 6 hours post fertilization onward. Levels of apoptosis were evaluated at 24 hpf. At 5 days post fertilization, the craniofacial skeleton, peripheral axon projections and sensory neurons of neuromasts were examined. Fish were genotyped to determine if there were phenotype/genotype correlations. Results Five of twenty loci interacted with ethanol. Notable among these was that vangl2, involved in convergent/extension movements of the embryonic axis, interacted strongly with ethanol. Untreated vangl2 mutants had normal craniofacial morphology while severe midfacial defects including synophthalmia and narrowing of the palatal skeleton were found in all ethanol-treated mutants and a low percentage of heterozygotes. The cell cycle gene, plk1, also interacted strongly with ethanol. Untreated mutants have slightly elevated levels of apoptosis and loss of ventral craniofacial elements. Exposure to ethanol results in extensive apoptosis along with loss of neural tissue and the entire craniofacial skeleton. Phenotypes of hinfp, mars and foxi1 mutants were also exacerbated by ethanol. Conclusions Our results provide insight into the gene/ethanol interactions that may underlie ethanol teratogenesis. They support previous findings that ethanol disrupts elongation of the embryonic axis. Importantly, these results show that the zebrafish is an efficient model with which to test for gene/ethanol interactions. Understanding these interactions will be crucial to understanding of the FASD variation.

We present an analysis of the seasonal, subseasonal, and diurnal variability of rainfall from COAPS LandAtmosphere Regional Reanalysis for the Southeast at 10-km resolution (CLARReS10). Most of our assessment focuses on the representation of summertime subseasonal and diurnal variability. Summer precipitation in the Southeast United States is a particularly challenging modeling problem because of the variety of regional-scale phenomena, such as sea breeze, thunderstorms and squall lines, which are not adequately resolved in coarse atmospheric reanalyses but contribute significantly to the hydrological budget over the region. We find that the dynamically downscaled reanalyses are in good agreement with station and gridded observations in terms of both the relative seasonal distribution and the diurnal structure of precipitation, although total precipitation amounts tend to be systematically overestimated. The diurnal cycle of summer precipitation in the downscaled reanalyses is in very good agreement with station observations and a clear improvement both over their ''parent'' reanalyses and over newer-generation reanalyses. The seasonal cycle of precipitation is particularly well simulated in the Florida; this we attribute to the ability of the regional model to provide a more accurate representation of the spatial and temporal structure of finer-scale phenomena such as fronts and sea breezes. Over the northern portion of the domain summer precipitation in the downscaled reanalyses remains, as in the ''parent'' reanalyses, overestimated. Given the degree of success that dynamical downscaling of reanalyses demonstrates in the simulation of the characteristics of regional precipitation, its favorable comparison to conventional newer-generation reanalyses and its cost-effectiveness, we conclude that for the Southeast United states such downscaling is a viable proxy for high-resolution conventional reanalysis.

High resolution analysis shows localized organic-rich impurities in the native Li surface that promote preferential lithium deposition, leading to dendrite growth.