Migratory behaviors such as the timing and duration of migration are genetically inherited and can be under strong natural selection, yet we still know very little about the specific genes or molecular pathways that control these behaviors. Studies in candidate genes Clock and Adcyap1 have revealed that both of these loci can be significantly correlated with migratory behaviors in birds, though observed relationships appear to vary across species. We investigated geographic genetic structure of Clock and Adcyap1 in four populations of blackpoll warblers ( Setophaga striata ), a Neotropical–Nearctic migrant that exhibits geographic variation in migratory timing and duration across its boreal breeding distribution. Further, we used data on migratory timing and duration, obtained from light‐level geolocator trackers to investigate candidate genotype–phenotype relationships at the individual level. While we found no geographic structure in either candidate gene, we did find evidence that candidate gene lengths are correlated with five of the six migratory traits. Maximum Clock allele length was significantly and negatively associated with spring arrival date. Minimum Adcyap1 allele length was significantly and negatively associated with spring departure date and positively associated with fall arrival date at the wintering grounds. Additionally, we found a significant interaction between Clock and Adcyap1 allele lengths on both spring and fall migratory duration. Adcyap1 heterozygotes also had significantly shorter migration duration in both spring and fall compared to homozygotes. Our results support the growing body of evidence that Clock and Adcyap1 allele lengths are correlated with migratory behaviors in birds.
Most microorganisms grow on surfaces as biofilms rather than as individual planktonic cells, and cells within biofilms show high levels of resistance against antimicrobial drugs. Thereby biofilm formation complicates treatment and contributes to high morbidity and mortality rates associated with infections. This study explores the physical, optical, and nano-structural properties of silver and copper nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous suspensions (nanoparticulate colloidal water) and examines their in vitro activity against microbial biofilms. Silver and copper nanoparticulate colloidal water of various concentrations were prepared and studied. Their surface energies, surface charge and surface plasmonic resonance properties were determined using contact angle measurement, zeta potential measurement and optical spectrometry, respectively. A model of biofilm formation on the wells of microtiter plates was used to determine the activity of the nanoparticulate suspensions against fungal and bacterial biofilms. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the nanoparticle interactions with microbial cells within the biofilms. Results show that silver nanoparticle-containing liquids have higher surface energy than their copper counterparts; and that the surface energy increases as the concentration of silver nanoparticles increases. Altogether, the effectiveness of silver nanoparticle colloidal suspensions in controlling biofilm formation is observed and reported. For a given size of silver nanoparticles studied, it is found that the effective concentrations against microbial biofilms are far lower than their cytotoxic concentrations, indicating an overall safety and a good therapeutic index thus substantial application potential.
ABSTRACT. The present study describes the methodology used at IMARPE for the capture, acclimation and management of P. adspersus broodstock using recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). RAS improved the water quality and maintained the environmental parameters during the acclimation period, temperature (17.2±1ºC), oxygen (8.1±0.7 mg L -1 ), pH (7.3±0.2), ammonia (0.004±0.003 mg L -1 ), nitrite (0.52±0.2 mg L -1 ) and nitrate (3.45±2.6 mg L -1 ). Fish began to be fed normally from day 15 post-capture, once or twice a day using live fish (Odonthestes regia regia, Mugil cephalus), crustacean (Emerita analoga), fresh food (Engraulis ringens and Dosidicus gigas) and artificial feed. A significant loss in the weight of the fish was registered during the first days of captivity, followed by a continuous increase in both sexes. The specific growth rate was positive from the third month of captivity, being the relative growth rate 24.5% and 16.2% in August 2010 in males and females, respectively. Different internal and external parasites were detected in the fish, being Entobdella sp. and Philometra sp. the prevailing parasites observed during samplings. Keywords: Paralichthys adspersus, reproduction, recirculating aquaculture system, broodstock management, culture, Peru. Manejo de reproductores del lenguado Paralichthys adspersus (Steindachner, 1867)usando sistemas de recirculación en acuicultura RESUMEN. El presente trabajo, describe la metodología desarrollada en IMARPE para la captura, aclimatación y acondicionamiento de ejemplares adultos de P. adspersus en sistemas de recirculación (SRA), con la finalidad de formar un stock de reproductores. El SRA permitió manejar parámetros medioambientales estables durante el periodo de acondicionamiento, como: temperatura del agua (17,2±1ºC), oxígeno disuelto (8,1±0,7 mg L -1 ), pH (7,3±0,2), amonio (0,004±0,003 mg L -1 ), nitrito (0,52±0,2 mg L -1 ) y nitrato (3,45±2,6 mg L -1 ). Se dio inicio a la alimentación el día 15 post-captura, utilizando alimento vivo (Odonthestes regia regia, Mugil cephalus), crustáceos (Emerita analoga), alimento fresco (Engraulis ringens y Dosidicus gigas) y artificial semihúmedo. Durante los primeros días de acondicionamiento los peces mostraron una disminución en el peso, hasta su adaptación a las condiciones de cultivo, luego de lo cual se produjo un incremento continuo en ambos sexos. La tasa específica de crecimiento fue positiva a partir del tercer mes y la tasa de crecimiento relativo mostró que en agosto 2010, el peso promedio se incrementó 24,5% en machos y 16,2% en hembras. Se realizó un análisis patológico a los ejemplares capturados y se observó la presencia de diferentes parásitos internos y externos, entre ellos predominaron Entobdella sp. y Philometra sp. Latin American Journal of Aquatic ResearchPalabras clave: Paralichthys adspersus, reproducción, sistema de recirculación en acuicultura, manejo de reproductores, cultivo, Perú.
Anisotremus scapularis conocida comúnmente en Perú como chita, tiene importancia comercial con alta demanda en el mercado nacional y potencial para su desarrollo acuícola. El objetivo del estudio fue mejorar la condición nutricional de reproductores de primera generación (F1) nacidos en cautiverio, utilizando vitaminas C, E y ácidos grasos esenciales, necesarios para maduración gonadal y reproducción en condiciones de laboratorio. Los ejemplares fueron acondicionados en sistemas de recirculación (S2), en S2T1 se estabularon 15 peces a densidad de 2,6 kg/m3 y en S2T2, 14 peces a densidad de 2,8 kg/m3. El sistema tuvo fotoperiodo de 12 horas luz (HL): 12 horas oscuridad (HO), temperatura promedio de 18,66 ± 0,28 °C, se realizó el seguimiento por 7 meses. Para alimentación, se utilizó trozos de anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), con cápsulas de gelatina conteniendo aceite de pescado, vitaminas C, E, un aditivo comercial de ácidos grasos y un premix – multivitamínico; la ración suministrada fue 5% de biomasa de cada tanque de cultivo, tres veces por semana. En los tratamientos con y sin cápsulas, se observó que las hembras maduras aparecieron en el tercer y cuarto muestreo, siendo mayor en el tratamiento con cápsulas. En machos se evaluó concentración y motilidad espermática, el tratamiento sin cápsulas obtuvo concentración de 0,57 x 1010 esp/mL y motilidad de 7,62% al cuarto muestreo; el tratamiento con cápsulas obtuvo máxima concentración espermática al tercer muestreo con 3 x 1010 esp/mL con motilidad de 41,56%. Tasa de crecimiento relativo (TCR), los tratamientos presentaron diferencias significativas en relación con el peso (p<0,05) pero no en longitud (p>0,05), mismo comportamiento tuvo la Tasa de Crecimiento Específico (TCE). Con relación a longitud-peso y factor de condición (K), no hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos (p>0,05). En base a los resultados, se recomienda utilizar cápsulas en el alimento suministrado a reproductores de la generación F1 A. scapularis, para mejorar la dieta durante el acondicionamiento, previo a la etapa de desove.
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