Thyroid nodule size is inversely related to malignancy risk, as larger nodules have lower malignancy rates. However, the relationship of size to malignancy varies by FNA status. All nodules (regardless of FNA status) demonstrate a risk trough at ≥2 cm. Nodules subject to FNA show step-wise decline in malignancy rates by size, demonstrating that size alone should not be considered as an independent risk factor. Size at ultrasound shows relatively good correlation with final pathologic size. False negative rates are low in this series. Lesions with the appropriate constellation of clinical and radiographic findings should undergo FNA regardless of size. Both size and FNA diagnosis should influence the clinical decision-making process.

Our study shows that review of T2 maps by radiologists has similar sensitivity but higher PPV compared to T2W images. Additional quantitative information obtained from T2 maps is helpful in differentiating cancer from normal prostate tissue and determining its aggressiveness.

The use of multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in prostate cancer therapy is increasing, as newer treatment methods and management approaches emerge. The mainstays of therapy-radiation and surgery-are being supplemented (and even replaced) by novel focal therapy methods. Laser and ultrasonographic ablation, photodynamic therapy, electroporation, and cryoablation are the most common focal therapies, each with its own imaging findings. Typical ablation zones have a central focus of enhancement with peripheral rim enhancement; thus, dynamic contrast material-enhanced (DCE) MR imaging is the most important sequence for evaluation of treatment in the immediate posttherapeutic setting. Detection of recurrence can initiate salvage therapy, but recurrence can be difficult to detect on T2-weighted images, again necessitating DCE MR imaging and also diffusion-weighted imaging. Furthermore, the location of recurrence can vary depending on the therapy. With radiation therapy, the most common site of recurrence is the prior tumor site, whereas after prostatectomy, the recurrence usually occurs around the vesicoureteral anastomosis. Regarding management, there is an increased emphasis on watchful waiting and active surveillance, for which MR imaging has a critical role in both selection and follow-up of patients who undergo active surveillance. As MR imaging is being increasingly used for imaging suspected recurrence, it is important for radiologists to be familiar with the normal posttreatment findings and patterns and MR imaging findings of recurrence. RSNA, 2018.

Quantitative parameters from empirical mathematical model fits to ultrafast DCE-MRI improve diagnosis of PCa. DCE-MRI with higher temporal resolution may capture clinically useful information for PCa diagnosis that would be missed by low temporal resolution DCE-MRI. This new information could improve the performance of multiparametric MRI in PCa detection.

Our goal was to assess the value of surgical excision of benign papillomas of the breast diagnosed on percutaneous core biopsy by determining the frequency of upgrade to malignancies and high risk lesions on a final surgical pathology. We reviewed 67 patients who had biopsies yielding benign papilloma and underwent subsequent surgical excision. Surgical pathology of the excised lesions was compared with initial core biopsy pathology results. 54 patients had concordant benign core and excisional pathology. Cancer (ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma) was diagnosed in five (7%) patients. Surgery revealed high-risk lesions in 8 (12%) patients, including atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia, and lobular carcinoma in situ. Cancer and high risk lesions accounted for 13 (19%) upstaging events from benign papilloma diagnosis. Our data suggests that surgical excision is warranted with core pathology of benign papilloma.