Even with many advances in design strategies over the past three decades, an enormous gap remains between existing tissue engineering skin and natural skin. Currently available in vitro skin models still cannot replicate the three-dimensionality and heterogeneity of the dermal microenvironment sufficiently to recapitulate many of the known characteristics of skin disorder or disease in vivo. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting enables precise control over multiple compositions, spatial distributions, and architectural complexity, therefore offering hope for filling the gap of structure and function between natural and artificial skin. Our understanding of wound healing process and skin disease would thus be boosted by the development of in vitro models that could more completely capture the heterogeneous features of skin biology. Here we provide an overview of recent advances in 3D skin bioprinting, as well as design concepts of cells and bioinks suitable for the bioprinting process. We focus on the applications of this technology for engineering physiological or pathological skin model, focusing more specifically on the function of skin appendages and vasculature. We conclude with current challenges and the technical perspective for further development of 3D skin bioprinting.

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The current research on integrated navigation is mainly focused on filtering or integrated navigation equipment. Studies systematically comparing and analyzing how to choose appropriate integrated filtering methods under different circumstances are lacking. This paper focuses on integrated navigation filters that are used by different filters and attitude parameters for inertial integrated navigation. We researched integrated navigation filters, established algorithms, and examined the relative merits for practical integrated navigation. Some suggestions for the use of filtering algorithms are provided.We completed simulations and car-mounted experiments for low-cost strapdown inertial navigation system(SINS) to assess the performance of the integrated navigation filtering algorithms.

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