Ongoing studies have determined that the gut microbiota is a major factor influencing both health and disease. Host genetic factors and environmental factors contribute to differences in gut microbiota composition and function. Intestinal dysbiosis is a cause or a contributory cause for diseases in multiple body systems, ranging from the digestive system to the immune, cardiovascular, respiratory, and even nervous system. Investigation of pathogenesis has identified specific species or strains, bacterial genes, and metabolites that play roles in certain diseases and represent potential drug targets. As research progresses, gut microbiome–based diagnosis and therapy are proposed and applied, which might lead to considerable progress in precision medicine. We further discuss the limitations of current studies and potential solutions.
The synthesis of new carbazole-fused polycyclic aromatics with interesting geometry and useful properties was explored using Scholl reactions.A sf ound from the Scholl reactions of substrates having two carbazole units linked at different positions through o-phenylene,oxidative coupling of carbazole units occurred in ar egioselective manner with new carbon-carbon bonds preferably formed at C3 and C4 in Nalkylc arbazoles.Anew N-containing aromatic bowl was characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography,and new p-type organic semiconductors exhibited field effect mobility of up to 0.070 cm 2 V À1 s À1 in solution-processed thin-film transistors.
Replacement of the allylic C=C−C unit with a N−B−N unit at each of the three zigzag edges of [4]triangulene gives rise to B3N6‐[4]triangulene, which is envisioned to represent a key structural unit of a new hypothetical boron carbon nitride (BC4N). A tert‐butylated B3N6‐[4]triangulene has been successfully synthesized by three‐fold nitrogen‐directed borylation, and the X‐ray crystallographic analysis indicates that its slightly bent triangular polycyclic framework can be viewed as a 1,3,5‐triphenylbenzene connected by three 4π‐electron N−B−N units. The HN−B−NH moiety provides a dual hydrogen‐bond donor, which forms H‐bonds with halide or carboxylate anions in solution, and form DD‐AA hydrogen‐bond arrays with 2,7‐di(tert‐butyl)‐pyrene‐4,5,9,10‐tetraone in the co‐crystal. Moreover, the blue fluorescence of B3N6‐[4]triangulene in solution is responsive to binding p‐nitrobenzoate anion through hydrogen bonds.
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