Fiber-reinforced plastics are known as advanced composite materials thanks to their high strength and lightweight features. Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are one of the high-performance and high-cost fiber-reinforced polymer (FRPs) materials. They are used in several high-performance engineering applications such as motorsports, marine, aviation, energy and defense industry. The cost of carbon fiber is higher compared to many other materials, more competitive and cost-effective productions will spur the demand for composite parts exponentially. Thus, hybrid laminate composite containing carbon and glass fiber materials were manufactured as an alternative for CFRP materials. Because using glass fiber prepreg instead of carbon fiber prepreg will lead the material to become cheaper. However, machining of the FRP materials is still an important issue. For this reason, the present study is focused on the mechanical and machining performance of the polymer hybrid and carbon fiber epoxy composites.
İçten yanmalı motorlardan kaynaklanan gürültü emisyonlarının insanlar ve canlılar üzerinde olumsuz etkileri bulunmaktadır. İçten yanmalı motorlarda gürültü emisyonları; mekanik, yanma ve aksesuar gürültülerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Direk enjeksiyonlu dizel motorlarda yanma gürültüsü, silindir içerisinde oluşan basınç ve mekanik kuvvetlere bağlıdır. Yanma başlangıcında oluşan ani basınç artışı, yanma odası içinde gaz hareketini hızlandırır. Silindir içindeki bu basınç artışı, yanma odası duvarını doğrudan etkileyerek, motor bloğunun titreşimine neden olur. Oluşan titreşim ortamda ses oluşturur. Bu nedenle oluşan gürültü emisyonunun büyüklüğü, motor titreşim genliği ile doğru orantılıdır. Bu çalışmada standart dizel yakıtı ile çalıştırılan tek silindirli hava soğutmalı dizel bir motorun ortalama titreşim değerleri ve ortalama gürültü emisyonu değerleri deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Deneyler motorun yüksüz ve tam yük altında çalıştığı üç farklı devir için yapılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler kıyaslamalı olarak incelenmiştir. Motor titreşim ve gürültü emisyonu değerlerinin devre bağlı olarak arttığı görülmüştür.
In the present study mixtures of polymeric and cellulosic biomass materials were pyrolized in the presence of two different catalysts (sepiolite and aluminium bauxite) in various ratios by two different reactors; a rotary kiln reactor (RKR) and a fixed bed pyrolysis reactor (FBR). The results were compared to determine the effects of pyrolysis parameters such as catalysts, feedstock and reactor types on the energy content of the final products. First, the polymeric and cellulosic materials were mixed at certain ratios and thus the mixtures were prepared. Then, thermally activated catalysts were added to these mixtures. At the end of the experiments, certain properties such as higher heating value (HHV), the elemental concentrations, particle size and size surface areas of the end products (for solid and liquid phases) were calculated and analysed. The HHV of the liquid products from bauxite added mixture in RKR and FBR was 42.74 MJ/kg and 40.95 MJ/kg respectively. Besides the HHV of the oil products from sepiolite added mixture in RKR and FBR was 41.28 MJ/kg and 38.94 MJ/kg respectively. These values are same and close to HHV of the conventional diesel (42.7 MJ/kg). However no considerable effect seen on HHV of char products from catalyst added mixtures. On the other hand, due to the SEM images the char products it can be clearly concluded that comparing with FBR, RKR had the better performance on pyrolysis of the biomass mixtures.
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