The aim of this study was to document clinical features of inguinal hernia (IH) in the pediatric populace. It delivers data to assess related risk factors of incarcerated hernia, its reappearance in addition to the occurrence of contra lateral metachronous hernia. Materials and Methods: We report a retrospective analytic study comprising 230 children presenting with IH and operated from April 2015 to June 2017 in the pediatric surgery department, King Abdulaziz Hospital. Results: We managed 36 girls (15.6%) and 194 boys (84.4%). The mean age was 3 years; The median age in the studied group was 3 years (range 22 days to 12 years). Males were predominantly affected (84.4%, n = 194). The rate of IH was more important in the youngest group (age < 2 years); thus, we accounted 43.5% (n = 100) infants. The cumulative incidence of hernia in the 2-6-year age group was 34.7% (n = 80). Thirteen percent (n = 31) of these patients presented with an incarceration mostly on the right side (62.6%, n = 154). We recognized that the total rate of incarcerated hernia incidence in premature group was evaluated at 27%. This rate was high, particularly in neonates and infants. Prematurity and hypotrophy were documented in 9% and 7% respectively. The mean follow-up period was 3.8 years. We think that incarceration can be related to several risk factors such as feminine gender, prematurity, and the initial left side surgical repair of the hernia. Conclusion: IH occurs mainly in male infants. Prematurity and male gender was identified as risk factors of incarceration. Contralateral metachronous hernia was reported, especially in female infants and after a left side surgical repair of the hernia.

Background: Anemia is defined as a decrease in the hemoglobin concentration of blood, which accordingly decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells such that they are unable to meet the body's physiological requirements. Numerous reports have specified that anemia customarily occurs in patients with diabetes with renal insufficiency whereas limited studies have described the occurrence of anemia in people with diabetes prior to indication of renal impairment. Other studies have similarly recognized anemia as a risk factor for the need for renal replacement treatment in diabetes. Understanding the pathogenesis of anemia allied with diabetes can lead to the development of interventions to optimize results in these patients. Purpose: The purpose of this study was consequently to determine the pervasiveness of anemia among patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 (25 with type 2 diabetes and 25 controls) participants were enlisted for the current study. Participants' blood samples were analyzed for fasting blood glucose, full blood count and renal function tests among others. The pervasiveness of anemia was then determined statistically. Results: A high incidence of anemia was perceived in the cases. Of the patients with diabetes, 85 % had a hemoglobin concentration that was significantly less (males 10.88±1.78 and females 10.32±1.52) compared to that of controls (males 14.16±1.82 and females 12.49±1.11). A significantly increased fasting blood glucose, urea, sodium, potassium, and calcium ions were observed in the cases (8.02±1.28, 5.21±2.01, 141.08±7.01, 4.84±0.49 and 1.51±0.28 respectively) as compared to the controls (4.57±0.52, 3.61±2.09, 134.86±6.75, 4.38±0.61 and 1.31±0.31 respectively). Finally, a significant association between hemoglobin concentration and fasting blood glucose was also observed in the cases. Conclusions: The findings suggest that a high incidence of anemia is likely to occur in patients with poorly controlled diabetes and in patients with diabetes and renal insufficiency.