The concept of grit has becomea widely investigated topic in mental health and education in recent years. This study aims to develop a tool for measuring grit in high school and university students and to examine the measurement invariance of the developed scale on two different groups. A total of 586 high school students (411 female, 70%; 175 male, 30%) and 639 (437 female, 63%; 202 male, 37%) university students participated in the study. Grit Scale, Short Grit Scale, and Beck Hopelessness Scale were used as data collection tools in the study. The exploratory factor analysis results indicated that 14-item Grit Scale with three sub-dimensions explained 61.88% of the variance. The dimensions in the scale were named Perseverance, Commitment to Goals, and Consistency of Interest. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three-dimensional structure of the Grit Scale fit the data well, with measurement invariance between the high school and university student groups. Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficients of the total score and sub-dimensions of the scale were found as .87, .85, .84, and .75, respectively. Convergent validity was evaluated by calculating the zero-order correlation between the Grit Scale and Short Grit Scale and a significantly high positive correlation was found (r= .655, p< .001).

Bu araştırmanın amacı, psikolojik danışmanların travmaya müdahale becerilerini ölçmeye yönelik bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Çalışmanın evrenini Milli Eğitim Bakanlığına bağlı okullarda çalışan psikolojik danışmanlar oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmaya Türkiye genelinden 265 psikolojik danışman gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Çalışmada yapı geçerliğini kontrol etmek için açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) kullanılmıştır. İç tutarlılık katsayısı Cronbach's Alpha (alfa) değeri .879 olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca ölçeğin toplam varyansın % 59.55'ni açıkladığı görülmüştür. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini test etmek için yapılan faktör analizleri sonucunda 10 ölçek maddesinin "Bilişsel" ve "Duygusal" şeklinde iki boyuttan oluştuğu görülmüştür. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular, ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirlik özelliklerinin iyi düzeyde olduğunu göstermektedir.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the burnout levels of psychological counselors. The study was conducted with 20 psychological counselors, 10 of whom were women and 10 of whom were men, working in the Van provincial center. The research is a mixed method study in which quantitative and qualitative approaches are used together. The quantitative dimension of the study was based on the Q Method used to determine the points where psychological counselors have a consensus or disagreement on any issue. In this direction, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, which is available in the literature, was used. In order to investigate the burnout levels of psychological counselors, participants were asked a total of 15 questions, including positive and negative, and the degree of participation of psychological counselors in these questions was analyzed using the Q method. In order to determine the factors under which the data obtained in the study was collected, the data was analyzed using the “PQ method 2.35” program. As a result, factor load values were calculated and the Z score values of the substances and the perception of the psychological counselors about burnout was revealed according to the order of importance of the substances in the factors.

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The purpose of this research is to develop a scale to measure the perceptions of competence of counselors (guidance counselors). In the province of Van, 194 psychological counselors participated in the study. The data of the psychological counselors participating as the respondent to the questionnaire were transferred to the SPSS 22 program and the validity and reliability values of the scale were analyzed. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to test the construct validity. The internal consistency coefficient was also measured by Cronbach's Alpha (alpha) value. Analyzes have shown that the "Psychological Counseling Competency Perception Scale" has valid and reliable values on the guidance teachers.