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Charged phospholipids are employed to formulate liposomes with different surface charges to enhance the permeation of active ingredients through epidermal layers. Although 3D skin tissue is widely employed as an alternative to permeation studies using animal skin, only a small number of studies have compared the difference between these skin models. Liposomal delivery strategies are investigated herein, through 3D skin tissue based on their surface charges. Cationic, anionic, and neutral liposomes are formulated and their size, zeta‐potential, and morphology are characterized using dynamic light scattering and cryogenic‐transmission electron microscopy (cryo‐TEM). A Franz diffusion cell is employed to determine the delivery efficiency of various liposomes, where all liposomes do not exhibit any recognizable difference of permeation through the synthetic membrane. When the fluorescence liposomes are applied to 3D skin, considerable fluorescence intensity is observed at the stratum cornea and epithelium layers. Compared to other liposomes, cationic liposomes exhibit the highest fluorescence intensity, suggesting the enhanced permeation of liposomes through the 3D skin layers. Finally, the ability of niacinamide (NA)‐incorporated liposomes to suppress melanin transfer in pigmented 3D skin is examined, where cationic liposomes exhibit the highest degree of whitening effects.

Background Cationic liposomes can enhance the permeability of drugs in 3‐D skin. Chitosan is considered a safe material for percutaneous delivery; thus, this study uses chitosan‐incorporated cationic liposomes. Aims This study investigated the improvement in skin brightness, melanin, and melasma after treatment niacinamide‐incorporated chitosan cationic liposomes. Methods A skin brightening agent, niacinamide, was formulated into cationic liposomes to facilitate percutaneous absorption and was clinically tested in 21 Korean female subjects. Cationic liposomes were prepared using a high‐pressure homogenizer after mixing an oil phase containing lecithin and cholesterol and an aqueous phase containing niacinamide and chitosan. Results The cationic liposomes exhibited stability over 28 days, with a particle size of 255–275 nm and zeta potential of 10–14 mV. Cationic liposomes containing niacinamide and a control formulation were applied to the left and right side of the face, respectively, twice daily for 28 days. Skin brightness, melanin index, and area of melasma were significantly enhanced where cationic liposomes were used, in comparison with formulations without cationic liposomes, demonstrating a 1.38–2.08‐fold improvement. Conclusion Thus, we established that chitosan liposomes augmented the percutaneous absorption of niacinamide and improved the appearance of the skin.

BackgroundCollagen is a major component of the extracellular matrix that supports the epidermal layers of the skin; thus, many strategies have been made to enhance the topical delivery of collagen for antiaging purposes. In addition, our previous study indicated that liposome can help the penetration of active ingredients into the skin.AimsTo produce stable collagen‐encapsulated liposomes to improve the topical delivery of collagen.MethodsCollagen‐encapsulated liposomes were fabricated using high‐pressure homogenization method. The colloidal stability and adhesion ability were confirmed using dynamic light scattering, and spectrofluorophotometer, respectively. Keratinocyte differentiations of 3D skin before and after treatment with collagen‐encapsulated liposomes were confirmed by real‐time PCR.ResultsIn comparison with native collagen, collagen‐encapsulated liposomes enhanced collagen retention in artificial membranes by twofold, even after repeated washings with water. In addition, real‐time PCR results indicated that 3D skin treated with collagen‐encapsulated liposomes exhibited higher levels of collagen, keratin, and involucrin, even after ethanol treatment.ConclusionLiposomes could serve as efficient delivery vehicles for collagen, thereby enhancing its antiaging effects.

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