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Dalton, Krackhardt, and Porter (1981) suggested that examining avoidable and unavoidable turnover could improve understanding and prediction of turnover. Unavoidable leavers and stayers in the current study were found to be no different from each other, whereas both groups were significantly different from avoidable leavers on levels of satisfaction, organizational commitment, job tension, and withdrawal cognitions.

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Climate is presented as a perceptual attribute on an organizational, group, and individual level. The climate construct is defined and key issues concerning climate, which have been identified by past research, are addressed. These issues are level of analysis, measurement, validity, redundancy and usefulness. A model which represents the traditional conceptualization of climate is given. This model is later revised by integrating aspects from the discussion of the key issues. The paper concludes with recommendations for future climate research.