Interleukin-18 (IL-18) plays an important role in host defense against microbial pathogens. Many poxviruses encode homologous IL-18 binding proteins (IL-18BP) that neutralize IL-18 activity. Here, we examined whether IL-18BP neutralizes IL-18 activity by binding to the same region of IL-18 where IL-18 receptor (IL-18R) binds. We introduced alanine substitutions to known receptor binding sites of human IL-18 and found that only the substitution of Leu5 reduced the binding affinity of IL-18 with IL-18BP of variola virus (varvIL-18BP) by more than 4-fold. The substitutions of Lys53 and Ser55, which were not previously known to be part of the receptor binding site but that are spatially adjacent to Leu5, reduced the binding affinity to varvIL-18BP by approximately 100- and 7-fold, respectively. These two substitutions also reduced the binding affinity with human IL-18R alpha subunit (hIL-18Ralpha) by 4- and 2-fold, respectively. Altogether, our data show that varvIL-18BP prevents IL-18 from binding to IL-18R by interacting with three residues that are part of the binding site for hIL-18Ralpha.

Instruction after tooth extraction is about what to do and to avoid after tooth extraction which aims to prevent the disruption of wound healing process and any possible complications. This study aimed to know patients’ obedience to the instructions after tooth extraction implemented in RSGM FK Unsrat and at respondents’ houses. This study used mixed methods with a cross sectional design. There were 44 people as respondents obtained by using purposive sampling method. The results showed that some patients ignored instruction, as follows: drug use rules, bite the gauze for 30 minute-1 hour, avoid hot, spicy, hard textured food and not touching the surgery site with tounge. Conclusion: The most ignored instruction by patient was to follow the drug consuming rules.Keywords: instruction after tooth extraction, obediencedAbstrak: Instruksi setelah pencabutan gigi ialah instruksi mengenai hal hal yang sebaiknya dilakukan dan dihindari setelah pencabutan gigi yang bertujuan untuk mencegah terganggunya proses penyembuhan luka dan komplikasi yang mungkin dapat terjadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat gambaran kepatuhan pasien melaksanakan instruksi setelah pencabutan gigi di RSGM FK Unsrat. Jenis penelitian ini ialah mixed method study dengan desain penelitian potong lintang. Penelitian dilakukan di RSGM FK Unsrat dan di rumah responden dengan jumlah responden 44 orang. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Data disajikan dalam bentuk diagram dan tabel berdasarkan distribusi frekuensi, serta beberapa pernyataan dari responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukan ditemukan beberapa instruksi yang diabaikan oleh pasien, seperti menaati aturan pakai obat, menggigit kapas atau kassa selama 30 menit-1 jam, menghindari makanan panas, keras, pedas dan tidak menyentuh-nyentuh luka dengan lidah. Simpulan: Instruksi yang paling banyak diabaikan oleh pasien ialah instruksi untuk menaati aturan pakai obatKata kunci: instruksi setelah pencabutan gigi, kepatuhan

Objectives: In this study, we summarize current evidence on learning health behaviors through modeling, thereby offering greater insight into the predictors of modeling's effectiveness on health behavior change. Methods: We searched 5 electronic bases (PubMed, ProQuest New Platform, EBSCOHost, ERIC, and ScienceDirect) drawing on articles from January 1986 to April 2018. In addition, we performed follow-up searches of unique citations from identified articles. Results: Overall, our search identified 3339 articles. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, we reviewed 20 qualifying articles across 4 conditions of role modeling: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. Characteristics of role models and observers, use of technology to promote the modeling of health behavior, and use of peers as role models emerged as predictive factors related to attention; types of information and adherence to a specific timeframe were related to retention. Opportunity to practice a modeled health behavior and a specific timeframe to perform what was observed were key elements for motor reproduction. Support by significant others, self-efficacy, self-regulation, and policy incentives were predictive of sustained motivation. Conclusions: This review highlights several predictive factors in each situation in learning healthy behavior through role modeling. Identification and application of these factors may increase health behavior adoption.

Behavioral to maintain denture hygiene is an important factor in the success of denture care because they have a close relationship with the knowledge, attitudes, and actions of the user. A poormaintenance denture hygiene could cause problems for oral health such as caries, gingivitis, stomatitis, xerostomia, candidiasis and periodontal disease, especially in the removable denture based acrylic user with the low level of education and income.This study aims to determine the behavior of maintaining the hygiene of removable denture based acrylic on population at Treman village Kauditan district.This research was a descriptive study with cross sectional approach. The population in this study was that the Treman villagers that uses removable denture based acrylic a total of 75 people. This study used total population as research subjects and measured using a questionnaire.In maintaining hygiene of removable denture based acrylic, Treman villagers have knowledge which was classified in sufficient category with a score of 103, an attitude which was classified in good category with a score of 130, and act was classified in sufficient category with a score of 109.Behavior to maintain hygiene of removable denture based acrylic on population at Treman village Kauditan district was classified in sufficient category.Keywords: Behavior, denture user, removable denture based acrylic.Abstrak: Perilaku memelihara kebersihan gigi tiruan merupakan faktor penting dalam keberhasilan perawatan gigi tiruan karena mempunyai hubungan erat dengan pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan pengguna gigi tiruan.Pemeliharaan kebersihan gigi tiruan yang kurang baik dapat menimbulkan masalah bagi kesehatan gigi dan mulut seperti karies, gingivitis, stomatitis, xerostomia, kandidiasis, dan penyakit periodontal, terutama pada pengguna gigi tiruan lepasan berbasis akrilik dengan tingkat pendidikan dan penghasilan yang rendah.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku memelihara kebersihan gigi tiruan lepasan berbasis akrilik pada masyrarakat desa Treman kecamatan Kauditan.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional study.Populasi pada penelitian ini ialah seluruh masyarakat desa Treman yang menggunakan gigi tiruan lepasan berbasis akrilik yang berjumlah 75 orang. Penelitian ini menggunakan total populasi sebagai subjek penelitian dan diukur menggunakan kuesioner.Dalam memelihara kebersihan gigi tiruan lepasan berbasis akrilik, masyarakat desa Treman memiliki pengetahuan yang tergolong dalam kategori cukup dengan skor 103, sikap yang tergolong dalam kategori baik dengan skor 130, dan tindakan yang tergolong dalam kategori cukup dengan skor 109.Perilaku memelihara kebersihan gigi tiruan lepasan berbasis akrilik pada masyarakat desa Treman kecamatan Kauditan tergolong dalam kategori cukup.Kata kunci: Perilaku, pengguna gigi tiruan, gigi tiruan lepasan berbasis akrilik.

Dental anxiety is a condition of fear to visit a dentist even for preventive care or therapy and uncertainity anxiety to dental care. This study was aimed to describe the anxiety of children 6-12 years old for the dental care at SD Kristen Eben Haezar 2 Manado. This was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. Samples were 44 students of 6-12 years old at SD Eben Haezar 2 Manado who had dental care experience, obtained by using total sampling. Data were obtained by filling the questionnaire of Children Dental Fear Survey Schedule-subscale (CFSS-DS). The results showed that most students with high levels of anxiety were at the age of 6-8 years (20.48%), while most students with low level of anxiety were at the age of 9-12 years old (47.74%). Of the 44 students, 27 students (61.36%) had low level of anxiety whereas 17 students (38.64%) had high level of anxiety. Based on gender, the percentages of students with high level and low level of anxiety were higher in females than in males. Conclusion: In general, students with low level of anxiety were at the age of 9-12 years old meanwhile students with high level of anxiety were at the age of 6-8 years. Either high or low level of anxiety was most found in females.Keywords: anxiety, children, dental care Abstrak: Kecemasan dental merupakan suatu ketakutan terhadap kunjungan ke dokter gigi untuk perawatan pencegahan ataupun terapi dan rasa cemas tidak beralasan terhadap perawatan gigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran kecemasan anak usia 6-12 tahun terhadap perawatan gigi di SD Kristen Eben Haezar 2 Manado. Jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang, mengunakan metode pengambilan sampel total. Terdapat 44 siswa aktif SD Kristen Eben Heazer 2 Manado berusia 6-12 tahun dan pernah mendapatkan perawatan gigi. Data diambil berdasarkan pengisian kuesioner Children Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan responden dengan tingkat kecemasan tinggi ditemukan paling banyak pada usia 6-8 tahun (20,48%), sedangkan yang dengan tingkat kecemasan rendah ditemukan pada usia 9-12 tahun (47,74%). Tingkat kecemasan rendah ditemukan pada 27 responden (61,36%) dan tingkat kecemasan tinggi ditemukan pada 17 reponden (38,64%). Berdasarkan jenis kelamin, responden dengan tingkat kecemasan tinggi maupun rendah lebih banyak ditemukan pada responden perempuan. Simpulan: Responden dengan tingkat kecemasan rendah lebih banyak didapatkan pada rentang usia 9-12 tahun sedangkan responden dengan tingkat kecemasan tinggi lebih banyak didapatkan pada rentang usia 6-8 tahun. Baik tingkat kecemasan tinggi maupun rendah lebih banyak ditemukan pada responden perempuan.Kata kunci: kecemasan, anak, perawatan gigi