Adaptation to climate change in urban areas presents a complex challenge. Consequently, approaches to urban adaptation should be both multilevel and multidimensional. Community-based adaptation (CBA) presents an opportunity for locallevel participation in framing adaptation planning and activities, with wider transformative potential for urban governance. This paper presents five case studies from cities in the Global South which offer insights into the different scales at which CBA can be mainstreamed in urban contexts, and the various ways in which this is happening. These examples demonstrate five emerging opportunities for mainstreaming urban CBA, which include using CBA as part of a wider package of approaches; seizing processes of institutional reform as an opportunity to integrate community perspectives; institutionalizing new actors and approaches as a mechanism for scaling up multi-stakeholder approaches; ensuring topdown planning approaches are connected to local dynamics; and using participatory research to facilitate local communities in shaping planning processes. The cases also demonstrate that while obstacles to mainstreaming in urban contexts remain, some lessons in addressing these challenges have emerged, and CBA should, therefore, be a part of the toolbox of local and national urban adaptation policy frameworks.

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Since the inauguration in 1986 of the reforms known as Õi MÛi, ritual and religious practices have proliferated in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. This renewed interest in religious and ritual practice has been the object of intensive scholarly interest both in Vietnam and outside, and has been interpreted in terms of revival (phåc hÓi), invention and politics of tradition. This collection of articles deals with this phenomenon of ritual revival in Vietnam as well but attempts to go beyond the ± by now common ± approaches that connect it with the emerging religious practice and political liberalisation, economic reform and the emerging market in the context of Õi MÛi. Instead, these papers explore in more depth the ritual dimensions of life from the central state down to the individual level.Abandoning simplistic dichotomies between such categories as profane and sacred; this-worldly and other-worldly; entertainment and ritual; central and local; elite and folk; Buddhist, Taoist and folk religions; national and transnational, the papers in this collection set out to explore how these categories come together in real lives, both individually and collectively. Without losing sight of the politics and economics of religious and ritual experience, this collection of articles sets mundane practices in meaningful cosmologies that include other worlds. Indeed, a common thread in the papers is the basic assumption that much ritual practice in contemporary Vietnam attempts to create a connection ± or a channel of communication ± between this`yang' world (th¿ giÛi d°¡ng) with the other`yin' world (th¿ giÛi a Ãm), and in that sense seeks to connect the living in this world with the dead ± the ancestors, the spirits ± in the other world. While recognising the truism that`traditional beliefs' have become elements in constructions of meaning, values and certainties in post-Õi MÛi Vietnam, 1 the papers suggest that the existential, ontological, political and economic uncertainties in this life are ritually offset by a firm and widespread belief that the dead exert deep influence over the living, and by wavering and uncertain attempts to turn the dead into allies. Reviving ritual and festivalThe set of articles in this volume cannot offer a comprehensive overview of all the issues at hand. Rather, they focus on aspects of relations between the living and the dead through beliefs and rituals that take place at a variety of levels, from individual Michael DiGregorio is a Program Officer with the Ford Foundation, Hanoi; Oscar Salemink is affiliated with the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, VU University Amsterdam. 1 This is also brought out in Resolution No. V of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (passed in 1998), which seeks to`build an advanced culture imbued with national identity'.

Daily ease of administration on 11 of 14 days and overall owner-perceived acceptability to cats were scored significantly higher for film strips and MCT oil, compared with scores for gelatin capsules. Overall acceptability to owners followed a similar pattern; however, the differences were not significant. Dissolving thin film strip or MCT oil vehicles may allow for easier PO administration of medication to cats than does administration of gelatin capsules.