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he overall incidence of scapular fractures is low, representing between 0.5 to 1% of all skeletal fractures and . %5% of shoulder girdle injuries (2,5,11). The vast majority of these fractures is the result of high velocity trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents. The high degree of morbidity and mortality often associated with these injuries warrants immediate medical attention that obfuscates clinical presentation of scapular fractures (1,7,11,12). Blunt trauma results in scapular fractures in the athletic population as well, as depicted by Cain and Hamilton in their article detailing four p r e fessional football players who sustained fractures as a result of a direct blow (3).Indirect trauma accounts for less than 0.01% of all skeletal fractures and less than 2% of all scapula fractures (2). A classification system for avulsion fractures, such as site of fracture and mechanism of injury, does not exist due to the rarity of these injuries. Reports of avulsion fractures are therefore uncommon and usually confined to case studies. A mechanism proposed by Heyse-Moore and Stoker includes muscle contraction against a resisted force in the upper extremity, most commonly at the coracoid and acromiom (6). A proposed classification system by Heyse-Moore and Stoker is shown in the

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Background The present study aimed to develop a rat model of biceps tenodesis and to assess the feasibility of a lentiviral (LV)-based bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4 in vivo gene transfer strategy for healing of biceps tenodesis.