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In this article we provide a tutorial review of various theoretical issues that surround executive function research from the perspective of cognitive psychology, focusing on issues that have important implications for clinical assessment of executive functioning. We first discuss theoretical and clinical reasons for the importance of understanding executive functions and then point out some serious problems with the common practice of relying exclusively on complex neuropsychological tests, such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Tower of Hanoi, as general measures of executive functioning. We then briefly present a recent individual differences study of executive functions conducted in our laboratory that attempted to overcome certain limitations associated with the more typical approach. On the basis of the theoretical issues discussed and the results from our study, we offer some concrete suggestions and recommendations for the measurement and assessment of executive functions in clinical settings.

Field dependence-independence (FDI) is a construct intensively investigated within cognitive style research, but its cognitive underpinnings are not clearly specified. We propose that performance on FDI tasks primarily reflects the operations of the visuospatial and executive components of working memory. We tested this hypothesis in a dual-task experiment with a commonly used measure of FDI, the Hidden Figures Test. The results showed that performance on this test was impaired by concurrent performance of secondary tasks that primarily tap the visuospatial component (spatial tapping) and the executive component (2-back and random number generation), but was almost unaffected by other secondary tasks (simple tapping and articulatory suppression). Moreover, an analysis of secondary task performance ruled out the possibility of strategic trade-offs and revealed an intriguing dissociation for two different sets of "randomness" indices for the random number generation task. These results support the hypothesised mapping between FDI and working memory components and suggest that the dual-task paradigm can provide a useful way to bring underspecified constructs like FDI into closer alignment with theoretical ideas developed within cognitive psychology.