No abstract

Flexible rule-guided behavior develops gradually, and requires the ability to remember the rules, switch between them as needed, and implement them in the face of competing information. Our goals for this study were twofold: first, to assess whether these components of rule-guided behavior are separable at the neural level, and second, to identify age-related differences in one or more component that could support the emergence of increasingly accurate and flexible rule use over development. We collected event-related fMRI data while 36 children aged 8-13 and adults aged 20-27 performed a task that manipulated rule representation, rule switching, and stimulus incongruency. Several regions - left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), left posterior parietal cortex, and pre-supplementary motor area - were engaged by both the rule representation and the rule-switching manipulations. These regions were engaged similarly across age groups, though contrasting timecourses of activation in left DLPFC suggest that children updated task rules more slowly than did adults. These findings support the idea that common networks can contribute to a variety of executive functions, and that some developmental changes take the form of changes in temporal dynamics rather than qualitative changes in the network of brain regions engaged.

The annual modulation of scintillation event rate observed by the DAMA/LIBRA experiment has been a long-standing controversy in the quest of the direct detection of dark matter. The effort to definitively confirm or refute the annual modulation has turned out to be challenging due to the lack of NaI(Tl) crystals with high enough radio-purity. Most recently, we successfully grew a 6-kg ingot free from contamination during growth, from which a 3.4-kg crystal scintillator was made. The 39 K concentration in the final crystal is estimated to be 4.3±0.2 ppb, unprecedented for NaI(Tl) crystals. The 210 Pb activity is estimated to be 0.34±0.04 mBq/kg via α counting of 210 Po, among the lowest of currently-running NaI-based dark matter experiments except DAMA/LIBRA. More importantly, the techniques and protocols we have developed will further contribute to the growth of higher purity NaI(Tl) crystals for dark matter searches.

Information from long-term memory is used to identify appropriate responses to cues in the environment. Left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) has been implicated in the effortful retrieval of semantic representations, as well as in the goal-directed selection between such representations. It has also been suggested that left posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG) stores the rules which VLPFC accesses to guide behavior. In the present event-related fMRI study, we examined the contributions of left VLPFC and pMTG in the controlled retrieval and selection of action-relevant knowledge associated with road signs. Controlled retrieval demands were manipulated by varying how recently the sign meaning was learned, and selection demands were manipulated by varying the number of competing meanings associated with a sign. Activation in anterior VLPFC was consistent with controlled retrieval, activation in posterior VLPFC was consistent with selection, and activation in mid-VLPFC was sensitive to both manipulations. Left pMTG, while active, was not sensitive to these manipulations. These findings highlight the role of left VLPFC in accessing and maintaining goal-relevant information for the control of action.