NoteCharacterization of endospore-forming bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis spp., and description of Paenibacillus nematophilus sp. nov. Endospore-forming bacteria were isolated from insect-pathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis spp., from three diverse geographical locations. Spindle-shaped sporangia of these bacteria adhere to the free-living infective stage of the nematode, which carries them to new insect hosts, where the bacterium reproduces. These isolates were characterized based on phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene sequences. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene placed the isolates within the genus Paenibacillus. The isolates shared higher sequence similarities with each other (95?1-100 %) than they did with any other named species within the genus (89?2-94 %). Paenibacillus macquariensis, Paenibacillus azoreducens, Paenibacillus amylolyticus and Paenibacillus durus were among the species with highest sequence similarity to these isolates. The isolates shared a high degree of phenotypic similarity and were easily distinguished from closely related members of the genus. Anteiso-C 15 : 0 and C 16 : 0 were among the major fatty acid types and the DNA G+C content was approximately 44 mol% in all isolates. DNA-DNA similarity studies revealed genomic heterogeneity among the isolates, such that they are likely to represent more than one species. Two of the isolates (both from a Heterorhabditis megidis isolate from Estonia) are phenotypically distinguishable from the others and are proposed as a single species, Paenibacillus nematophilus sp. nov. The type strain for this novel species is NEM1a T (=DSM 13559 T =NCIMB 13845 T ). The other isolates, although closely related to the proposed species, are likely to represent at least one, but most likely two, novel species.The genus Paenibacillus includes several species that are associated with dead insects in one way or another. Amongst these are obligate insect pathogens such as Paenibacillus popilliae, Paenibacillus lentimorbus and Paenibacillus larvae (Pettersson et al., 1999), as well as non-pathogens/facultative pathogens such as Paenibacillus apiarus (Nakamura, 1996) and Paenibacillus alvei (Krieg, 1981). Enright et al. (2001) found a Paenibacillus sp. associated with an insectpathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis megidis EU17. This nematode was isolated during a survey conducted in Estonia (Griffin et al., 1999).Heterorhabditis spp. nematodes are lethal pathogens of insects. Infective juveniles (IJs), the only infective stage of these nematodes, carry in their intestine a symbiotic bacterium belonging to the genus Photorhabdus (Forst et al., 1997). Upon infection of a suitable host insect, the symbiont is released into the haemocoel and causes the death of the insect within 48 h (Poinar, 1990). The Photorhabdus sp. then completely colonizes the dead insect cadaver, assisting in the breakdown of the insect tissues by secretion of an array of enzymes (Forst & Nealson, 1996). It is upon this bacterium and the ...

Endospore-forming bacteria, Paenibacillus spp

The insect parasitic nematodes Heterorhabditis spp. are mutualistically associated with entomopathogenic bacteria, Photorhabdus spp. A novel association has been detected between H. megidis isolate EU17 and the endospore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus nematophilus. P. nematophilus sporangia adhere to infective juveniles (IJs) of H. megidis and develop in insect hosts along with the nematodes and their symbiont. We tested the eVects of P. nematophilus on H. megidis. The yield and quality (size, energy reserves, and storage survival) of IJs were not aVected by co-culture in insects with P. nematophilus. Dispersal of IJs in sand and on agar was inhibited by adhering P. nematophilus sporangia: fewer than 2% of IJs with P. nematophilus sporangia reached the bottom of a sand column, compared to 30% of the control treatment. Sporangia signiWcantly reduced infectivity of H. megidis for wax moth larvae in sand, but not in a close contact (Wlter paper) assay. The results suggest that P. nematophilus may reduce the transmission potential of H. megidis through impeding the motility of IJs.  2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.