We present HepatoNet1, a manually curated large-scale metabolic network of the human hepatocyte that encompasses >2500 reactions in six intracellular and two extracellular compartments.Using constraint-based modeling techniques, the network has been validated to replicate numerous metabolic functions of hepatocytes corresponding to a reference set of diverse physiological liver functions.Taking the detoxification of ammonia and the formation of bile acids as examples, we show how these liver-specific metabolic objectives can be achieved by the variable interplay of various metabolic pathways under varying conditions of nutrients and oxygen availability.

ChemSpot is freely available at: http://www.informatik.hu-berlin.de/wbi/resources.

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BackgroundAccounts of evidence are vital to evaluate and reproduce scientific findings and integrate data on an informed basis. Currently, such accounts are often inadequate, unstandardized and inaccessible for computational knowledge engineering even though computational technologies, among them those of the semantic web, are ever more employed to represent, disseminate and integrate biomedical data and knowledge.ResultsWe present SEE (Semantic EvidencE), an RDF/OWL based approach for detailed representation of evidence in terms of the argumentative structure of the supporting background for claims even in complex settings. We derive design principles and identify minimal components for the representation of evidence. We specify the Reasoning and Discourse Ontology (RDO), an OWL representation of the model of scientific claims, their subjects, their provenance and their argumentative relations underlying the SEE approach. We demonstrate the application of SEE and illustrate its design patterns in a case study by providing an expressive account of the evidence for certain claims regarding the isolation of the enzyme glutamine synthetase.ConclusionsSEE is suited to provide coherent and computationally accessible representations of evidence-related information such as the materials, methods, assumptions, reasoning and information sources used to establish a scientific finding by adopting a consistently claim-based perspective on scientific results and their evidence. SEE allows for extensible evidence representations, in which the level of detail can be adjusted and which can be extended as needed. It supports representation of arbitrary many consecutive layers of interpretation and attribution and different evaluations of the same data. SEE and its underlying model could be a valuable component in a variety of use cases that require careful representation or examination of evidence for data presented on the semantic web or in other formats.

The evolution of Buprestidae began in the Jurassic, may be during the Triassic period. Certain fossil bupresbeetles have been found in the Malm. -The first Buprestidae were ecologically fixed on Pinidae (Coniferales). -Partial adaptian was attained with the radiation of the angiosperms. ~ The utilization of angiosperms may have been the result of the niche occupation process. Further evolution became significant at the beginning of the late Cretaceus period. The host-plant spectrum of recent Buprestidae is mainly the result of specialization. ZusammenfassungDie Entwicklung der Buprestidae setzt im Jura ein, vielleicht bereits in der Trias. Gesicherte fossile Nachweise sind aus dem Malm bekannt.Okologisch waren die ersten Buprestiden an Pinidae (Coniferales) gebunden, wahrscheinlich an Pinaceen und Cupressaceen. Mit der Entfaltung der Angiospermen in der Unterkreide gelang eine teilweise okologische Umstellung auf diese Pflanzen. Da die altesten Angiospermensubklassen irn Brutpflanzenspektrum fehlen (Magnoliidae, Alismatidae, Arecidae -~ eine Ausnahme), mu0 die Nutzung der Angiospermen als Ergebnis von Einnischungsprozessen gesehen werden. Subsequent-Evolution hinsichtlich der Angiospermen als Wirtspflanze gewinnt mit dem Ausgang des Mesozoikums und besonders im Kanozoikum an Bedeutung.Das Wirtspflanzenspektrum der rezenten Buprestidae ist in erster Linie als Ergebnis von vielEltigen Spezialisierungen zu deuten, wobei von der urspriinglichen, saprophagen zur phytophagen und rhizophagen Lebensweise gefunden wurde.