The long-term treatment of peritumoral edema remains a major challenge in clinical neurooncology. Steroids have been and will remain the backbone of any anti-edematous therapy because of their striking activity, convenient oral administration and also because of their cost-effectiveness. Their side effects, however, can compromise quality of life, particularly upon continuous administration. Therapeutic alternatives which may replace or -at least -help to reduce the steroid dose are limited. However, with the development of new agents such as corticorelin acetate, there is a hope that steroid-induced side effects can be delayed and reduced. The administration of anti-angiogenic agents with steroid-sparing effects, for example, bevacizumab, is limited due to their costs. Increased knowledge on boswellic acids and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors which are available for clinical application may help to exploit their anti-edema activity more efficiently in the future.

BACKGROUND: Because of low incidence, mixed study populations and paucity of clinical and histological data, the management of adult brainstem gliomas remains non-standardized. We here describe characteristics, treatment and outcome of patients with exclusively histologically confirmed adult brainstem gliomas. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of adults (. age 18 years) was conducted. Brainstem glioma was defined as a glial tumor located in the midbrain, pons or medulla. Characteristics, management and outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: 21 patients (17 males; median age 41 years) were diagnosed between 2004 and 2012 by biopsy (n ¼ 15), partial (n ¼ 4) or complete resection (n ¼ 2). Diagnoses were glioblastoma (WHO grade IV, n ¼ 6), anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO grade III, n ¼ 7), diffuse astrocytoma (WHO grade II, n ¼ 6) and pilocytic astrocytoma (WHO grade I, n ¼ 2). Diffuse gliomas were mainly located in the pons and frequently showed MRI contrast enhancement. Endophytic growth was common (16 versus 5). Postoperative therapy in low-grade (WHO grade I/II) and high-grade gliomas (WHO grade III/IV) consisted of radiotherapy alone (3 in each group), radiochemotherapy (2 versus 6), chemotherapy alone (0 versus 2) or no postoperative therapy (3 versus 1). Median PFS (24.1 versus 5.8 months; log-rank, p ¼ 0.009) and mOS (30.5 versus 11.5 months; log-rank, p ¼ 0.028) was significantly better in WHO grade II than in WHO grade III/IV tumors. Second-line therapy considerably varied. CONCLUSIONS: Histologically verification of adult brainstem glioma is feasible and has an impact on postoperative treatment. Low-grade gliomas can simple be followed or treated with radiotherapy alone. Radiochemotherapy with temozolomide can safely be prescribed for high-grade gliomas without additional CNS toxicities.

Background: Treatment of recurrent anaplastic glioma and glioblastoma remains a particular challenge in neurooncology. The lack of controlled trials results in poor evidence for all therapeutic options. Upon recurrence, many patients are treated with bevacizumab or one of the frequently used nitrosoureas such as lomustine. However, patients who still present in overall good condition after failure of multiple lines of therapy may ask for additional therapy. Methods: Here, we report our experience with the use of carboplatin in combination with etoposide as fourth- or fifth-line therapy in patients with progressive high-grade glioma. Results: The median Karnofsky performance status at the beginning of treatment was 80%. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.5 months. PFS at 6 months was 0%. Administration of carboplatin and etoposide was associated with grade 3 or 4 hematotoxicity in 8 of 12 patients. Conclusion: Carboplatin in combination with etoposide has an unfavorable risk-benefit profile in heavily pretreated glioma patients.

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