Young children with acute watery diarrhea, without malnutrition or associated disease, can be equally well treated with feeding of either infant formula or yogurt. Yogurt feeding is associated with a clinically relevant decrease in stool frequency and duration of diarrhea in children who have reducing sugars in stools.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cholera toxin on energy balance from intestinal glutamine metabolism and oxidation, glutamine-dependent sodium absorption, and cholera toxin-dependent ion flux. Cholera toxin-stimulated sodium and L-glutamine ileal transport and metabolism were studied in Ussing chambers. Glutamine (10 mM) transport and metabolism were simultaneously studied using (14)C flux and HPLC. In the same tissues, the flux of each amino acid was studied by HPLC, and glutamine metabolism and oxidation were studied by the determination of amino acid specific activity and (14)CO(2) production. In control tissues, glutamine stimulated sodium absorption and was mainly oxidized. The transepithelial flux of intact glutamine represented 45% of glutamine flux across the luminal membrane. The other metabolites were glutamate and, to a lesser degree, citrulline, ornithine, and proline. Cholera toxin did not alter glutamine-stimulated sodium absorption, glutamine oxidation, transport, and metabolism. In conclusion, the present results indicate that cholera toxin does not alter glutamine intestinal function and metabolism. In addition, approximately 95% of the energy provided by glutamine oxidation remains available to the enterocyte.

The increase of fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake contributes to the prevention of chronic diseases, but could also significantly increase pesticide exposure and may thus be of health concern. Following a previous pesticide exposure assessment study, the present study was carried out to determine actual levels of pesticides within 400 g of F&V intake and to evaluate consumer risk. Forty-three Active Substances (AS) exceeding 10 % of the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) in balanced menus established for our previous theoretical study were considered. Fifty-six pooled food samples were analyzed: 28 fruit samples and 28 vegetable samples. Pesticide values were compared to Maximum Residue Levels (MRL) and to the "toxicological credit" derived from ADI. It was observed that 23 out of the 43 retained AS were never detected, 5 were detected both in F&V samples, 12 only in fruits and 3 only in vegetables. The most frequently detected AS were carbendazim, iprodione and dithiocarbamates. When detected, AS were more frequently found in fruit samples (74 %) than in vegetable samples (26 %). A maximum of 3 AS were detected at once in a given sample. Overall, we observed 8 and 14 overruns of the MRL in 1204 measures in pooled vegetable and fruit samples, respectively (0.7 % and 1.2 % of cases, respectively). Chronic exposure for adults was the highest for dithiocarbamates but did not exceed 23.7 % of the ADI in F&V. It was concluded that raising both F&V consumption up to 400 g/day (~5 F&V/day) according to recommendations of the national health and nutrition plan, does not induce pesticide overexposure and should not represent a risk for the consumer.