The placenta, supporting the growth and development of the fetus, are rich in amino acids, peptides, vitamins, trace elements and growth factors, nutrients and biological active components. Placental therapy was applied to promote from the recovery of diseases and tissue regeneration since the early 1900s. Since then, placental therapy was applied in various clinical applications as they were shown to exhibit remarkable therapeutic attributes ranging from anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, pain reduction, hair growth promotion, health improvement, cellular proliferation, tissue regeneration and wound healing properties in vivo. This review further summarizes the historical aspects, cellular mechanism, nutrient content and therapeutics properties of the placenta.

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a term describing the highly selective barrier formed by the endothelial cells (ECs) of the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis by restricting movement across the BBB. An intact BBB is critical for normal brain functions as it maintains brain homeostasis, modulates immune cell transport, and provides protection against pathogens and other foreign substances. However, it also prevents drugs from entering the CNS to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Stem cells, on the other hand, have been reported to bypass the BBB and successfully home to their target in the brain and initiate repair, making them a promising approach in cellular therapy, especially those related to neurodegenerative disease. This review article discusses the mechanism behind the successful homing of stem cells to the brain, their potential role as a drug delivery vehicle, and their applications in neurodegenerative diseases.

Autism and Autism spectrum disorders are the neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and restricted repetitive behaviors. In spite of its occurrence being increasing from year to year, until now there is no unified opinion about etiology and pathogenesis of ASD. There is no widely accepted medical treatment for ASD as well. Authors summarized relevant data on the etiology of ASD, radiological findings in brain that persistent in autistic individuals, and proposed a pathogenetically based treatment protocol that implements a holistic integrative approach. The article summarizes therapeutic protocols proposed for complementary therapy of ASD that includes biomolecular therapies, immunotherapy, physiotherapy, speech therapy, nutrition and psychological support.

The immune system is a complex network of specialized cells and organs that recognises and reacts against foreign pathogens while remaining unresponsive to host tissues. This ability to self-tolerate is known as immunological tolerance. Autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system fails to differentiate between self and non-self antigens and releases autoantibodies to attack our own cells. Anti-idiotypic (anti-ID) antibodies are important in maintaining a balanced idiotypic regulatory network by neutralising and inhibiting the secretion of autoantibodies. Recently, anti-ID antibodies have been advanced as an alternative form of immunotherapy as they can specifically target autoantibodies, cause less toxicity and side effects, and could provide long-lasting immunity. This review article discusses the immunomodulatory potential of anti-ID antibodies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Twice daily application of MF3 Blue Cell Serum Gel led to significant improvement in skin hydration, firmness, dermal density, sebum regulation, roughness reduction, decrease or disappearance of fine lines and wrinkles.